4.2 Article

Nonthymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis in 18 cats

Journal

VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY
Volume 26, Issue 1, Pages 40-+

Publisher

WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/vde.12169

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BackgroundExfoliative dermatitis has been described in cats as a paraneoplastic skin disease associated with thymoma. There are anecdotal reports of cases without thymoma, with various suspected aetiologies. Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo identify common features, underlying causes, response to therapy and outcome of nonthymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis in cats. MethodsRetrospective analysis was carried out of cases presented to dermatology referral centres or cases submitted for histopathological examination. Detailed historical and clinical data were obtained and evaluated statistically. Histopathology was reviewed in a blinded fashion by three dermatopathologists, and PCR for herpesvirus was performed. ResultsEighteen cats fulfilled all inclusion criteria. There was no sex, age or breed predisposition. All cats presented with severe generalized (77%) or multifocal exfoliation (23%); 12 cats were severely depressed. In all cats, thymoma was excluded radiographically and feline leukaemia virus tests were negative. Additional imaging procedures in 14 cats and postmortem examination in two cats did not detect neoplasia. Histopathology revealed interface dermatitis, mural interface folliculitis and sebaceous adenitis indistinguishable from findings in thymoma-associated cases. PCR for herpes DNA was negative. No aetiology was identified. Treatment in 12 cases consisted of immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids and/or ciclosporin; one responded to antibiotics, one to shampoo, two went into spontaneous remission, and two did not receive any therapy and were euthanized. Conclusions and clinical importanceNonthymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis in cats is clinically and histopathologically indistinguishable from thymoma-associated cases. Most cases benefit from immunosuppressive therapy; therefore, an immunopathological response to an undefined trigger is suspected. Resume ContexteLa dermatite exfoliative a ete decrite chez le chat comme une dermatite paraneoplasique associee au thymome. Des cas anecdotiques sans thymome avec des etiologies variees ont ete decrits. Hypotheses/ObjectifsIdentifier les caracteristiques frequentes, les causes sous-jacentes, la reponse au traitement et le suivi des dermatites exfoliatives non-associees au thymome chez le chat. MethodesUne analyse retrospective a ete menee sur des cas presentes a des centres de dermatologie referee ou des cas soumis pour examen histopathologique. Le detail des donnees anamnestiques et cliniques a ete obtenu et evalue statistiquement. Trois dermatopathologistes ont revus en aveugle les histologies et une PCR pour le virus herpes a ete realise. ResultatsDix-huit chats ont rempli tous les criteres d'inclusion. Il n'y avait aucune predisposition de sexe, d'age ou de race. Tous les chats presentaient une exfoliation severe, multifocale ou generalisee(77%); 12 chats etaient severement deprimes. Pour tous les chats, un thymome a ete exclu par radiographie et les tests de leucemie feline etaient negatifs. Des images radiographiques supplementaires pour 14 chats et un examen post mortem pour deux chats n'ont pas permis de detecter de tumeur. L'histopathologie a revele une dermatite d'interface, une folliculite murale d'interface et une adenite sebacee identiques aux donnees rapportees des cas associes a un thymome. Les PCR pour ADN d'herpes etaient negatives. Aucune etiologie n'a ete identifiee. Le traitement pour 12 cas consistait en des doses immunosuppressives de corticoides et/ou de ciclosporine; un cas a repondu aux antibiotiques, un cas a des shampooings, deux se sont spontanement ameliores et deux n'ont recu aucun traitement et ont ete euthanasies. Conclusions et importance cliniqueLa dermatite exfoliactive non-associee a un thymome chez le chat est cliniquement et histopathologiquement identique des cas associes a un thymome. La plupart des cas repondent a un traitement immunosuppresseur; ainsi, une reponse immunopathologique a une cible non determinee est suspectee. Resumen Introduccionse ha descrito una dermatitis exfoliativa en gatos con una enfermedad para neoplasica asociada a timoma Hay informes anecdoticos de casos sin timoma, con varias etiologias sospechosas Hipotesis/Objetivosidentificar las caracteristicas comunes, las causas subyacentes, y la respuesta a terapia y resolucion de la dermatitis exfoliativa no asociada con timoma en gatos. Metodosse realiza un analisis retrospectivo de los casos presentados a centros dermatologicos de referencia o de casos remitidos para examen histopatologico. Se obtuvieron datos detallados de la historia clinica y se evaluaron estadisticamente. La histopatologia fue revisada en estudio ciego por tres dermatopatologos, y se realizaron pruebas de PCR para herpes virus. Resultados18 gatos cumplieron los criterios de inclusion. No hubo predisposicion basada en raza, edad ni sexo. Todos los gatos se presentaron con exfoliacion severa generalizada (77%) o multifocal (23%); 12 gatos estaban severamente deprimidos. En todos los gatos, timoma se excluyo mediante radiografia y las pruebas para el virus de la Leucemia Felina tambien fueron negativas. Pruebas adicionales de imagen en 14 gatos y el examen postmortem en dos gatos no detectaron ninguna neoplasia. La histopatologia revelo una dermatitis de interfase, foliculitis mural de interfase, y adenitis sebacea indiferenciable de los hallazgos en casos asociados con timoma. Las pruebas de PCR para DNA de herpesvirus fueron negativas. No se identifico ninguna etiologia. El tratamiento en 12 casos consistio en dosis inmunosupresoras de corticosteroides y/o ciclosporina; uno respondio a antibioticos, uno a tratamiento con shampoo, dos presentaron remision espontanea, y dos no recibieron ningun tratamiento y fueron eutanasiados Conclusiones e importancia clinicalos casos de dermatitis exfoliativa no asociados con timoma en gatos son clinicamente e histopatologicamente indiferenciables de los casos asociados con timoma. La mayoria los casos se benefician de la terapia inmunosupresora; por lo tanto, se presume una respuesta inmunopatologica a una causa no identificada. Zusammenfassung HintergrundEine exfoliative Dermatitis ist bei Katzen als paraneoplastische Hauterkrankung im Zusammenhang mit einem Thymom beschrieben. Es gibt anekdotische Evidenz von Fallen ohne Thymom, mit unterschiedlichen Atiologien. Hypothese/ZieleEine Beurteilung von ahnlichen Merkmalen, zugrundeliegenden Ursachen, Reaktion auf Therapie und Endergebnisse bei exfoliativer Dermatitis von Katzen, die nicht mit einem Thymom im Zusammenhang standen. MethodenEs wurde eine retrospektive Analyse an Fallen, die in einem Hautuberweisungszentrum vorgestellt wurden oder an Fallen, die zur histopathologischen Untersuchung eingesendet wurden, durchgefuhrt. Es wurden detaillierte anamnestische und klinische Daten erhoben und statistisch ausgewertet. Die Histopathologie wurde in geblindeter Form von drei Dermatopathologen untersucht und eine PCR auf Herpesvirus wurde durchgefuhrt. ErgebnisseAchtzehn Katzen erfullten die Einschlusskriterien. Es bestand keine Geschlechts-, Alters- oder Rassenpradisposition. Alle Katzen wurden mit einer hochgradigen generalisierten (77%) oder multifokalen Exfoliierung (23%) vorgestellt; 12 Katzen waren apathisch. Bei allen Katzen wurde ein Thymom radiologisch ausgeschlossen und ein Bluttest auf felines Leukose Antigen war negativ. Weder zusatzliche bildgebende Diagnostik bei 14 Katzen sowie postmortem Untersuchungen bei zwei weiteren Katzen zeigten eine Neoplasie. Die histopathologische Untersuchung zeigte eine Interface Dermatitis, eine murale Interface Follikulitis und eine Talgdrusenentzundung, die von Hautfallen mit Thymomen nicht zu unterscheiden waren. Ein PCR auf Herpes DNA war negativ. Es konnte keine Atiologie identifiziert werden. Die Behandlung bestand bei 12 Fallen aus immunsuppressiven Dosen von Steroiden und/oder Ciclosporin; eine Katze verbesserte sich mit Antibiotika, eine mit Shampoo, zwei erholten sich spontan und zwei Katzen wurden nicht therapiert und euthanasiert. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische BedeutungEine nicht mit Thymomen im Zusammenhang auftretende exfoliative Dermatitis bei Katzen ist klinisch und histopathologisch nicht von Thymom-assoziierten Fallen zu unterscheiden. Die meisten Falle profitieren von immunsuppressiver Therapie; folglich wird eine immunpathologische Antwort auf einen unbestimmten Ausloser vermutet.

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