Phytotoxic effects of phenolic compounds on Calopogonium mucunoides (Fabaceae) roots

Studies on phenols have gained attention owing to their abundance in plants and their effects on plant development. Phenols from forage grasses may exert phytotoxicity on legume crops in intercropping systems. We aimed to identify morpho-anatomical variations in Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. roots treated with phenolic compounds. Seeds of C. mucunoides were treated with (1) distilled water (control), (2) trans-cinnamic acid, (3) a mixture of the flavonoids quercetin, rutin, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-alpha-rhamnoside, or (4) a combination of the flavonoid mixture and trans-cinnamic acid. After 10 days of treatment, the roots were measured, described and processed according to standard techniques in plant anatomy. In general, non-control individuals showed plant lengths decreased by 40-45%, root-tip necrosis and intense lateral root ramification. Seeds germinated in cinnamic acid presented xylem poles with a greater number of cells and a greater emission of lateral roots. In the seeds treated with flavonoids, cell division was observed in the endodermis and the pericycle, and xylem fibres went through differentiation. The combination of cinnamic acid and flavonoids led to the premature formation of fibres by the phloem. The treatments with flavonoids or cinnamic acid alone were significantly greater in root diameter (868.61 mu m and 810.35 mu m, respectively) than was the application of both (714.98 mu m) or the control (533.76 mu m). The results suggest that cinnamic acid and the tested flavonoids negatively affect the development and the root structure of C. mucunoides.