4.6 Article

Co-localization of Protein Z, Protein Z-Dependent protease inhibitor and coagulation factor X in human colon cancer tissue: Implications for coagulation regulation on tumor cells

Journal

THROMBOSIS RESEARCH
Volume 129, Issue 4, Pages E112-E118

Publisher

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.10.027

Keywords

Protein Z; Protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor; Coagulation inhibitor; Factor X; Colon cancer

Funding

  1. Polish Committee of Scientific Research (KBN) [3 P05B00924]

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Introduction: Several hemostatic system components, including factor X (FX), contribute to cancer progression. The Protein Z (PZ)/protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) complex directly inhibits factor Xa proteolytic activity. The aim of this study was to determine the antigenic distribution of ZPI and PZ, in relation to FX, as well as indicators of blood coagulation activation (F1 + 2 and fibrin) in human colon cancer tissue. Materials & methods: Studies were performed on human colon cancer fragments. Immunohistochemical (IHC) ABC procedures and double staining method employed polyclonal antibodies against PZ, FX, F1 + 2 and monoclonal antibodies against ZPI and fibrin. In-situ hybridization (ISH) methods employed biotinlabeled 25-nucleotide single-stranded DNA probes directed to either FX, PZ or ZPI mRNAs. Results: Expression of FX, PZ and ZPI in association with colon cancer cells was observed by IHC. Moreover, the presence of both F1 + 2 and fibrin in association with colon cancer cells was found, which indicates that blood coagulation activation proceeds extravascularly at the tumor site. Furthermore, expression of FX and PZ was visualized in association with endothelial cells. In turn, colon cancer-associated macrophages were characterized by FX, PZ and ZPI presence. The double staining studies revealed strong FX/PZ, FX/ZPI, as well as PZ/ZPI co-localization on colon cancer cells. ISH studies revealed the presence of FX mRNA, PZ mRNA and ZPI mRNA in colon cancer cells indicating induced synthesis of these proteins. Conclusions: The localization of PZ/ZPI and FX in colon cancer cells indicates that PZ/ZPI may contribute to anticoagulant events at the tumor site. Strong co-localization of PZ/ZPI and FX in cancer cells, and the presence of the mRNAs encoding the proteins, suggests their role in the tumor's biology. However, the presence of F1 + 2 and fibrin at the colon cancer site also suggests that the regulation of FXa by the PZ/ZPI complex at this site is incomplete. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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