Evaluation of liquid-phase microextraction conditions for determination of chlorophenols in environmental samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry without derivatization

Determination of trace chlorophenols (CPs) in environmental samples has been evaluated using liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) without derivatization. The LPME procedure used to extract CPs from water involved 15 mu l 1-octanol as acceptor solution in a 5.0 cm polypropylene hollow fiber with an inner diameter of 600 mu m and a pore size of 0.2 mu m. Under the optimal extraction conditions, enrichment factors from 117 to 220 are obtained. The obtained linear range is 1-100 ngmL(-1) with r(2) =0.9967 for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-130); 1-100 ngmL(-1) with r(2) =0.9905 for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP); 5-500 ngmL(-1) with r(2) = 0.9983 for 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP), and 10-1000ngmL(-1) with r(2)=0.9929 for pentachlorophenol (PCP). The limits of detection range from 0.08 to 2 ngmL(-1), which is comparable with the reported values (12-120 ngmL(-1)). Recoveries of CPs in various matrices exceed 85% with relative standard deviations of less than 10%, except for PCP in landfill leachate. The applicability of this method was examined to determine CPs in environmental samples by analyzing landfill leachate, ground water and soil. The 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP detected in the landfill leachate are 6.68 and 2.47 ng mL(-1). The 2,4,6-TCP detected in ground water is 2.08 ng mL(-1). All the studied CPs are detected in contaminated soil. The proposed method is simple, low-cost, less organic solvent used and can potentially be applied to analyze CPs in complex environmental matrices. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.