Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Jonah S. Peter, Jan Schuemann, Kathryn D. Held, Aimee L. McNamara
Summary: In this study, a computational modeling approach was used to investigate the effects of galactic cosmic ray irradiation on neuronal function at the nano-scale level. The results showed that neuronal absorption of radiation dose can lead to ionization events, which may have implications for neuronal function.
PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mang Lin, Mark H. Thiemens
Summary: Reconstruction of past solar activity or high-energy events using cosmogenic radionuclides provides valuable insights into their impacts on near space, satellite technologies, and ecosystems. The use of cosmogenic radiosulfur (35S) allows for improved tracking of solar activity and regional atmospheric circulation changes. Incorporating 35S as an independent parameter in a universal cosmogenic radionuclide model enhances the modeling of other long-lived radionuclides with different atmospheric chemistries.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Patrik Cechvala, Robert Breier, Jozef Masarik
Summary: We propose a model based on Geant4 for calculating the production rates of cosmogenic nuclides in extraterrestrial material. The model simulates the irradiation of a spherical body with predefined chemical composition by galactic cosmic-ray protons and calculates the fluxes of secondary neutrons and protons within the sample, which are then used to calculate the production rates of cosmogenic nuclides. We tested the plausibility of the model using the well-studied Knyahinya meteoritic sample and compared the results with previous measurements and calculations using the MCNP simulation software. The production rates of various cosmogenic nuclides were calculated in both the Knyahinya meteorite and the Apollo 17 sample 73,002.
JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Shirin Rahmanian, Tony C. Slaba
Summary: Space radiation poses multiple health risks to astronauts, and the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory has developed a galactic cosmic ray simulator (GCRsim) to better understand and mitigate these risks. The GCRsim can provide a radiation field comparable to the shielded radiation environment within internal organs of astronauts in deep space missions. The study confirms that the GCRsim can provide relatively homogeneous irradiation in larger animals.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Sergey Koldobskiy, Ilya Usoskin, Gennady A. Kovaltsov
Summary: Cosmogenic isotopes provide a quantitative proxy for cosmic-ray and solar-activity variability. This study proposes a rough effective energy method to estimate cosmic-ray variability directly from cosmogenic data.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Hyo Min Lee, Junghun Park
Summary: We used the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code to calculate the changes in the production rates of solar cosmic rays (SCR) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR) C-14 in the troposphere with latitude and season. Our findings show that in polar areas, the GCR and SCR C-14 production rates in the troposphere were 22.9-28.4% and 6.5-8.9%, respectively. The GCR C-14 production rates were similar to those used in many models, while the SCR C-14 production rates were much lower than previously assumed. These results provide important new constraints for the setup and parameterization of Earth's atmosphere models for the Delta C-14 peak.
JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Xiaocheng Guo, Vladimir Florinski, Chi Wang, Keyvan Ghanbari
Summary: The study shows that CIRs and SIs in the solar wind strongly modulate GCR, with different transport efficiencies of GCR in slow and fast solar wind. Heliospheric current-sheet crossings also affect GCR counts, with the drift effect balancing diffusion and convection on GCR transport during the two solar minima.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Shaunak Modak, Eliot Quataert, Yan-Fei Jiang, Todd A. Thompson
Summary: We have studied cosmic-ray driven galactic winds from the warm interstellar medium using simulations. The model includes radiative cooling and CR-streaming-mediated heating of the gas. The simulations show that a thermally unstable equilibrium leads to a multiphase wind with fluctuations in density and temperature. The results suggest that the preventive CR feedback is inefficient in the physical conditions modeled here.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Eliot Quataert, Yan-Fei Jiang, Todd A. Thompson
Summary: Analytical calculations and simulations on isothermal galactic winds reveal strong shocks driven by CR streaming, which leads to gas with a wide range of densities and temperatures, invalidating previous steady state models. Further analysis shows that diffusive CR transport yields higher mass-loss rates and wind powers compared to streaming transport, highlighting the need for more realistic thermodynamic calculations.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
A. Neronov, D. Semikoz, Ie Vovk
Summary: The Tibet AS gamma collaboration recently detected high-energy gamma-rays from parts of the Galactic plane and established an upper limit on the diffuse gamma-ray flux at high Galactic latitudes. This finding is significant for understanding possible mechanisms of multi-messenger emission from nearby cosmic ray sources, dark matter decays, and the large-scale cosmic ray halo of the Milky Way.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Nuclear
Yang Chen, Xiao-Jun Bi, Kun Fang, Yi-Qing Guo, Ye Liu, P. H. Thomas Tam, S. Vernetto, Zhong-Xiang Wang, Rui-Zhi Yang, Xiao Zhang
Summary: The highest fluxes of gamma-ray come from various Galactic sources, and studying the radiation mechanisms and physical properties of emitting particles is of high significance in astrophysics. Over the past decade, significant advances have been made, and LHAASO will serve as a powerful instrument for high-energy observations.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
A. Dundovic, C. Evoli, D. Gaggero, D. Grasso
Summary: Studying nonthermal processes is essential for understanding the properties of the Galactic cosmic-ray population. The HERMES code can generate sky maps associated with various radiative processes, aiding in the understanding of different emission mechanisms.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
G. Peron, F. Aharonian
Summary: This study aims to investigate the possibilities of extending cosmic ray (CR) measurements to very and ultra-high energies and remote parts of the Galaxy using current and next-generation detectors. Based on calculations of expected fluxes from dense molecular clouds (MCs), the study formulates the sensitivity requirements for post-Fermi-LAT detectors and explores the potential of air-shower and atmospheric Cherenkov telescope arrays in studying CRs in multi-TeV and PeV energy bands.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Laura Weiler, Tina N. Mihm, James J. Shepherd
Summary: This article introduces a Gaussian process regression model for the transition structure factor in metal periodic coupled cluster singles and doubles calculations. The model is inspired by previous methods and uses a one-dimensional function to fit the structure factor and correct for finite size errors.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Eliot Quataert, Todd A. Thompson, Yan-Fei Jiang
Summary: This paper investigates the physics of Cosmic ray (CR) transport and its impact on CR-driven galactic winds, providing expressions for the mass-loss rate, momentum flux, and speed suitable for cosmological-scale or semi-analytic models of galaxy formation. The results show that dwarf and disc galaxies have comparable mass-loss rates to the star formation rate, while nuclear starbursts experience suppressed CR pressure and weakened CR-driven winds.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
A. Vogt, N. Eugene Engelbrecht, B. Heber, A. Kopp, K. Herbst
Summary: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between Jovian electron residence times and energy, in order to deepen our understanding of adiabatic energy changes during charged particle transport and validate simulation approaches. By calculating residence times and analyzing the magnetic connection between the observer and the source, as well as the distribution of exit times and resulting residence times, we found a linear relationship between residence time and kinetic energy. We also developed an improved analytical estimation that agrees with numerical residence time and observed longitudinal shift.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Konstantin Herbst, John Lee Grenfell, Miriam Sinnhuber, Fabian Wunderlich
Summary: Exoplanets display a wide range of features, from ultrahot low-density planets to ice-rock mixture worlds, and studying planetary atmospheres is crucial for interpreting observational data.
ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
A. Papaioannou, A. Kouloumvakos, A. Mishev, R. Vainio, I Usoskin, K. Herbst, A. P. Rouillard, A. Anastasiadis, J. Gieseler, R. Wimmer-Schweingruber, P. Kuehl
Summary: This study reports the first relativistic solar proton event of solar cycle 25, identifies the solar origin of the event through various observational methods, and demonstrates different time profiles with anisotropic characteristics. Notably, the event exhibits a moderately hard rigidity spectrum at high energies.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
B. Ehresmann, C. Zeitlin, D. M. Hassler, J. Guo, R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, T. Berger, T. D. Matthiae, G. Reitz
Summary: The radiation environment on the surface of Mars is mainly influenced by galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs). Solar modulation of the GCR flux is the main factor causing changes in the radiation field over years. Dosimetric measurements conducted with the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) from 2019 to 2020 show the impact of solar modulation on the Martian surface radiation environment. The results have implications for future human exploration missions of Mars and provide valuable data for validating radiation transport models.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Daniel Matthiae, Matthias M. Meier, Kai Schennetten
Summary: The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements has proposed new operational quantities for external radiation exposure. This study investigated the implications of using the ambient dose as an operational quantity for radiation protection in aviation, specifically for galactic cosmic radiation. Results showed that the ambient dose is about 10% higher than the ambient dose equivalent in commercial aviation, and overestimates the effective dose by about 30%.
JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Athanasios Papaioannou, Konstantin Herbst, Tobias Ramm, Edward W. Cliver, David Lario, Astrid M. Veronig
Summary: The potential impact of solar superflares on the radiation environment around Earth is assessed by studying the relationship between the peak proton flux and fluence of solar energetic particle (SEP) events and the solar flare soft X-ray peak photon flux.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Anna Fogtman, Sarah Baatout, Bjorn Baselet, Thomas Berger, Christine E. Hellweg, Piers Jiggens, Chiara La Tessa, Livio Narici, Petteri Nieminen, Laure Sabatier, Giovanni Santin, Uwe Schneider, Ulrich Straube, Kevin Tabury, Walter Tinganelli, Linda Walsh, Marco Durante
Summary: Human spaceflight is evolving into sustainable space exploration, with plans to regularly visit the Moon and prepare for manned missions to Mars by 2030. However, the exposure to space radiation poses a major challenge that needs to be addressed for the safety of astronauts. Quantifying and managing the health risks and electronics damage caused by space radiation are urgent priorities for further research and development. The ESA/SciSpacE Space Radiation White Paper identifies these topics and emphasizes the need for understanding the complex radiation environment and developing effective countermeasures.
Article
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Maria Katsarou, Bruce Zwiebel, Rajarshi Pal Chowdhury, Murray Shames, Thomas Berger, Bartos Przybyla, Jean Bismuth
Summary: The study evaluated the radiation protection effectiveness of an exoskeleton-based radiation protection system (Stemrad MD) and compared it with conventional lead aprons. The results showed that the exoskeleton significantly reduced the radiation dose received by the physician during procedures, especially in sensitive areas such as the head, eyes, and brain.
JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Salman Khaksarighiri, Jingnan Guo, Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, Sven Loeffler, Bent Ehresmann, Daniel Matthiae, Donald M. Hassler, Cary Zeitlin, Thomas Berger
Summary: Through simulation experiments, it was found that the angle of incidence of high-energy particles interacting with the Martian atmosphere has a significant impact on the surface radiation dose, especially for galactic cosmic ray protons and helium ions, with incident angles of approximately 74° and 46°, respectively. These results are important for future human exploration of Mars, as they can be used to assess the effectiveness of radiation shielding for a given geometry or optimize the radiation shielding design of a Martian habitat.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS
(2023)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Jingnan Guo, Xiaolei Li, Jian Zhang, Mikhail I. Dobynde, Yuming Wang, Zigong Xu, Thomas Berger, Jordanka Semkova, Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, Donald M. Hassler, Cary Zeitlin, Bent Ehresmann, Daniel Matthiae, Bin Zhuang
Summary: On 28 October 2021, solar eruptions caused intense and long-lasting enhancements in solar energetic particle (SEP) flux observed by spacecraft across the heliosphere. The arrival of SEPs at Earth resulted in the 73rd ground level enhancement (GLE) event recorded by ground-based neutron monitors. Notably, this study presents the first GLE event detected on the surfaces of Earth, Moon, and Mars, using particle and radiation detectors. By analyzing data from near-Earth spacecraft, the event-integrated proton spectrum is determined, and particle transport models are employed to predict radiation levels on the lunar and martian surfaces. Additionally, previous GLE event doses on the Moon and Mars are modeled and compared with the current event, contributing to our understanding of potential radiation risks for future human exploration of these celestial bodies.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
L. M. Martinez Sierra, I. Jun, B. Ehresmann, C. Zeitlin, J. Guo, M. Litvak, K. Harshman, D. Hassler, I. G. Mitrofanov, D. Matthiae, S. Loffler
Summary: Understanding the long-term radiation environment at the surface of Mars is important for future missions. Previous studies used in-situ measurements or models to determine the radiation characteristics. To address a gap in knowledge, researchers developed an approach to derive the surface neutron spectrum using data from the RAD instrument and the HEND detector onboard Mars Odyssey.
SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthias M. Meier, Thomas Berger, Thomas Jahn, Daniel Matthiae, Mona C. Plettenberg, Markus Scheibinger, Kai Schennetten, Michael Wirtz
Summary: The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is a region over the South Atlantic Ocean where the inner Van Allen radiation belt comes particularly close to Earth, resulting in increased radiation exposure for astronauts and spacecraft in Low Earth Orbits. However, a comprehensive measurement called Atlantic Kiss crossing the SAA at an altitude of 13 km found no evidence of increased radiation exposure or impact on civil aviation.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
F. Adolphi, K. Herbst, A. Nilsson, S. Panovska
Summary: Cosmogenic radionuclide records from polar ice cores are used to reconstruct past changes in solar activity, space weather, geomagnetic field, and carbon cycle. The proportionality of the ice core radionuclide records to the global mean production rate changes has been debated. Through atmospheric mixing model experiments and comparison to independent data, it is found that mixing scenarios without complete tropospheric mixing result in a polar bias. A correction function is proposed to restore proportionality to the global mean signal.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2023)
