Article
Engineering, Geological
Joaquin Garcia-Suarez, Javier Gonzalez-Carbajal, Domniki Asimaki
Summary: Transfer functions are widely used in seismology and geotechnical earthquake engineering but their mathematical structure is not fully understood. This paper presents the general form of transfer functions for any number of layers and characterizes the harmonics in terms of layer properties. These results are important for analyzing seismic response and spectral ratios.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Zhendong Shan, Liping Jing, Lei Zhang, Zhinan Xie, Daosheng Ling
Summary: This paper investigates one-dimensional transient wave propagation in saturated multi-layered soil with a fluid surface layer, using various methods to obtain analytical/semi-analytical solutions and proposing specific solutions for different scenarios. Through numerical examples, the impact of dynamic fluid permeability coefficients on the transient response of the model is analyzed.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
S. Fazeli, C. Stokes-Griffin, J. Gilbert, P. Compston
Summary: This paper investigates the bend-twist coupling analysis of multi-layered stepped generally orthotropic composite beams subjected to mixed end-of-beam and mid-span supports. An analytical closed-form model was developed, and an experimental investigation was conducted to validate the results. The reliability and accuracy of the analytical model were demonstrated.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Mart-Jan Hemel, Mandy Korff, Dirk Jan Peters
Summary: The historic canal wall structures in many Northern European cities have been built using masonry walls on timber decks founded on timber piles. A proposed analytical method has been developed to model laterally loaded pile groups in layered sloping soil. The method accurately predicts bending moment distributions and deflections, and has been validated with experimental tests. Its speed makes it suitable for probabilistic simulations and determining the failure probability of quay walls or structures with horizontally loaded piles.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Ming-hua Huang, Ming-hua Zhao
Summary: This study developed a novel semi-analytical solution for a two-dimensional plane strain consolidation system of layered unsaturated soil using Fourier expansion and Laplace transform methods. The system was converted into a set of ordinary differential systems and solved, resulting in semi-analytical solutions for pore-air and pore-water pressures as well as soil settlement, verified against existing and finite difference solutions. A worked example with a step load was used to illustrate consolidation behavior and investigate the influence of horizontal permeability coefficient.
COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Lubao Luan, Lei Gao, George Kouretzis, Xuanming Ding, Hongyu Qin, Changjie Zheng
Summary: This paper presents an analytical solution for the dynamic response of laterally-loaded pile groups in layered soil. The solution models pile-to-pile interaction effects by considering non-in-phase soil displacements around large-diameter piles and introduces layered soil conditions using the plane-strain model and viscoelastic material properties. The solution simplifies formulation without sacrificing accuracy and allows direct calculation of the horizontal impedance of the entire pile group.
COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Zijian Yang, Xinjun Zou
Summary: This paper proposes an analytical solution for the dynamic characteristics of a floating pile subjected to horizontal steady-state excitation in soil containing the groundwater table level. The shaft reactions and base resistances transferred from the soil are calculated using the Hankel transform technique and variable separation method, and then substituted into the dynamic equation of the floating pile derived by the Euler beam model. The effects of pile end soil thickness, pile slenderness ratio, groundwater table level, and relative modulus of pile material on the pile dynamic response are investigated through numerical analyses.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL STABILITY AND DYNAMICS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Pan Liu, Chong Jiang, Maolin Sun
Summary: This paper presents an analytical model to calculate the lateral response of piles in homogeneous sand, taking into account the distribution of inhomogeneous disturbance characteristics. The disturbed soil in front of the pile is divided into strain wedge (SW) model elements, and the characteristics of each element are calculated through coordinated pile-soil deformation. The model also considers the limit of the stress level of the SW model element and provides two geometric characteristic distributions. A hyperbolic model is used to calculate the shear stress on the pile side. The proposed model is validated through four pile tests, demonstrating its accuracy. The study also discusses the distributions of soil strain, stress level, fan angle, and three critical depths.
COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sang Hyun Han, Jun Hyuk Shin, Su Seok Choi
Summary: To design reliable rollable displays, FEM investigations were conducted to study the properties of the optically clear adhesive (OCA) and the mechanical behaviors of the display at different rolling conditions. Previous studies have assumed OCA to be linear elastic, resulting in limited and inaccurate FEM modeling. This research considers the hyperelastic and viscoelastic properties of OCA and investigates stable rolling behaviors.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lei Wang, Dawei Zhang, Zheng-Dong Luo, Pankaj Sharma, Jan Seidel
Summary: This study reports the observation of inhomogeneous friction behavior in copper-deficient CuInP2S6, which exhibits a nanoscale phase separation of polar and non-polar crystalline phases. The phenomenon is attributed to different lattice strains of phases and large strains at the nanoscale phase boundaries, which also manifest in the nonuniform tip-sample adhesion force. The findings provide new insights into nanoscale device design and wear behavior of a phase-separated van der Waals ferroelectric.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Thejesh Kumar Garala, Gopal S. P. Madabhushi, Raffaele Di Laora
Summary: This research provides insight into the kinematic effects on pile foundations during earthquakes, especially for large-intensity earthquakes where the soil behavior is highly non-linear. The study found that the peak kinematic pile bending moment occurs slightly beneath the interface of the soil layers, and this depth is larger for a pile group compared to a single pile. It was also observed that the elastic solutions available in the literature underestimate the kinematic pile bending moments for large-intensity earthquakes.
Article
Engineering, Geological
Emmanouil Rovithis, George Mylonakis
Summary: This study investigates the response of an inhomogeneous soil layer with exponentially varying stiffness using one-dimensional viscoelastic wave propagation theory. Analytical treatment leads to an exact harmonic solution of the Bessel type, and findings demonstrate the relationship between strains, displacements, and stresses with depth. Novel asymptotic and approximate solutions are proposed for the base-to-surface transfer function, providing practical alternatives to the complex exact solution. New expressions relating shear strain and peak particle velocity, as well as curvature and peak ground acceleration near the soil surface, are derived.
JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Song-Hun Chong
Summary: This study extends the validity of the Enhanced Terzaghi model for different sand types by fitting parameters obtained at low stress levels can help identify initial fabric conditions. A strong correlation between compressibility and void ratio at low stress facilitates determination of self-consistent fitting parameters for 1D sand compression data.
GEOMECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Pierfrancesco Cacciola, Alessandro Tombari
Summary: This paper addresses the steady state harmonic response of nonlinear soil-structure interaction problems, proposing a novel hysteretic model to describe the cyclic behavior of soil-foundation interaction and determining amplitude-dependent stiffness and damping. Numerical applications and comparisons demonstrate the advantages of the proposed model.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Lihua Wang
Summary: This paper presents a FEM-ALEM coupling approach to study the dynamic interaction between a pile group and layered soils under scour condition. The effects of scour type, scour depth, scour width, and layered property of soil on the dynamic behaviors of the pile group are discussed through numerical analysis.
APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Gabriele Fiorentino, Cihan Cengiz, Flavia De Luca, George Mylonakis, Dimitris Karamitros, Matt Dietz, Luiza Dihoru, Davide Lavorato, Bruno Briseghella, Tatjana Isakovic, Christos Vrettos, Antonio Topa Gomes, Anastasios Sextos, Camillo Nuti
Summary: Integral abutment bridges (IABs) have attracted renewed interest due to their low cost, but there is limited knowledge on their dynamic behavior and vulnerability under seismic actions. Therefore, experimental tests were conducted to investigate the seismic behavior of IABs in depth.
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING & STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Michalis F. Vassiliou, Cihan Cengiz, Matt Dietz, Luiza Dihoru, Marco Broccardo, George Mylonakis, Anastasios Sextos, Bozidar Stojadinovic
Summary: This article introduces publicly available data from a series of 226 shake table tests of a 3D rocking podium structure, which can be used to statistically validate analytical and numerical models of rocking structures.
EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Lawrence W. de Leeuw, Matthew S. Dietz, Henry Milewski, George Mylonakis, Andrea Diambra
Summary: Offshore pipelines commonly use polypropylene coating systems to protect against corrosion and provide thermal insulation. Axial stress in high pressure high temperature pipelines is influenced by friction between pipe coating material and seafloor soil. Accurate quantification of pipe-soil interface friction is essential for robust pipeline stability design.
CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Michalis F. Vassiliou, Cihan Cengiz, Matt Dietz, Luiza Dihoru, Marco Broccardo, George Mylonakis, Anastasios Sextos, Bozidar Stojadinovic
Summary: This article presents a set of earthquake engineering data for model validation, focusing on statistically validating different methods for modeling three-dimensional rocking structures.
EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Elia Voyagaki, Jamie J. Crispin, Charlotte E. L. Gilder, Konstantina Ntassiou, Nick O'Riordan, Paul Nowak, Tarek Sadek, Dinesh Patel, George Mylonakis, Paul J. Vardanega
Summary: Reliable field data is crucial for the advancement of geotechnical engineering, especially in the case of piled foundations. This paper statistically assesses the uncertainty of predictions of pile performance under axial loading using a UK geotechnical database, comparing model bias and error to identify sources of uncertainty and evaluate model use in future geotechnical practice. The two models investigated in the study generally over-predict settlement, likely due to conservative parameter selection.
GEORISK-ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF RISK FOR ENGINEERED SYSTEMS AND GEOHAZARDS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Christos Karakostas, Konstantinos Morfidis, Emmanouil Rovithis, Nikolaos Theodoulidis
Summary: The study investigated the effects of Soil-Structure Interaction on the seismic response of a building in Greece, highlighting the deviation between basement and free-field records and discussing potential underestimation of seismic hazard. Numerical results demonstrated the significant impact of soil compliance on seismic demand and the substantial overprediction of interstorey drifts in a simplified model under flexible-base conditions.
BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Maria Giovanna Durante, Jonathan P. Stewart, Scott J. Brandenberg, George Mylonakis
Summary: Seismic earth pressures acting on basement walls and retaining walls are commonly computed using limit state methods, which fail to accurately represent the fundamental mechanisms. A simplified single-frequency procedure is proposed to compute seismic earth pressures applied to flexible retaining structures, considering wavelength and wall flexibility effects. The proposed solution provides lower earth pressure predictions compared to limit state solutions and shows good agreement with numerical simulations and centrifuge modeling.
EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Abigail H. Bateman, Jamie J. Crispin, Paul J. Vardanega, George E. Mylonakis
Summary: Estimation of nonlinear pile settlement can be simplified by dividing soil into horizontal slices using one-dimensional t-z curves, reducing the analysis to a boundary-value problem. Theoretical t-z curves and new attenuation functions for shear stresses provide analytical solutions for soil settlement calculation.
JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Stefano Stacul, Emmanouil Rovithis, Raffaele Di Laora
Summary: This study investigates the kinematic response and filtering effects of a fixed-head pile during the passage of seismic waves. The results reveal significant nonlinear effects on pile response under large shear strains, highlighting the importance of considering these effects in seismic design.
JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Jamie J. Crispin, George Mylonakis
Summary: A novel exact analytical solution is derived for the equation y((4)) + x(n)y = 0, which is important for analyzing piles in soil with stiffness varying with depth. The paper proposes a novel approach for deriving Winkler spring moduli for combined force and moment loading, showing good agreement with numerical continuum results.
JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Emmanouil Rovithis, George Mylonakis
Summary: This study investigates the response of an inhomogeneous soil layer with exponentially varying stiffness using one-dimensional viscoelastic wave propagation theory. Analytical treatment leads to an exact harmonic solution of the Bessel type, and findings demonstrate the relationship between strains, displacements, and stresses with depth. Novel asymptotic and approximate solutions are proposed for the base-to-surface transfer function, providing practical alternatives to the complex exact solution. New expressions relating shear strain and peak particle velocity, as well as curvature and peak ground acceleration near the soil surface, are derived.
JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Changjie Zheng, George Mylonakis, George Kouretzis, Lubao Luan
Summary: In this paper, a Tajimi-type continuum elastodynamic model is used to analytically model the kinematic interaction between a single pile and its surrounding soil under seismic shear waves. The model is validated against numerical simulations and an existing approximate solution. A parametric study is then conducted to investigate the sensitivity of the seismic response of piles to key problem parameters. The study provides closed-form expressions for pile deformations and soil resistance without requiring fitting coefficients.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Francesco Di Michele, Enrico Spacone, Guido Camata, Giuseppe Brando, Anastasios Sextos, Adam Crewe, George Mylonakis, Matt Diez, Luiza Dihoru, Humberto Varum
Summary: This paper discusses the main results of a full-scale shaking table test campaign on three-leaf masonry walls with weak lime-mortar joints, which are commonly found in seismic prone regions in the Mediterranean area. The paper presents a preliminary study on the mechanical properties of the wall component materials and the design of the tested masonry wall. The main results of the experimental test, including damage patterns, drift ratios, and base shear, are discussed along with nonlinear numerical simulations that validated the experimental study.
BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2023)
Proceedings Paper
Construction & Building Technology
G. Fiorentino, D. Lavorato, C. Nuti, F. De Luca, C. Cengiz, A. Sextos, G. Mylonakis, B. Briseghella
Summary: Integral Abutment Bridges (IABs) reduce construction and maintenance costs by eliminating bearing supports and expansion joints, but the complex Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) must be considered in design. While there have been many numerical studies globally, experimental tests are lacking and seismic design codes do not provide sufficient guidelines.
BRIDGE MAINTENANCE, SAFETY, MANAGEMENT, LIFE-CYCLE SUSTAINABILITY AND INNOVATIONS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
M. F. Vassiliou, M. Broccardo, C. Cengiz, M. Dietz, L. Dihoru, S. Gunay, K. M. Mosalam, G. Mylonakis, A. Sextos, B. Stojadinovic
Summary: The article discusses the unpredictability of rocking motion and verifies it through experiments. The experimentally obtained displacements were found to have statistically stable cumulative distribution functions (CDFs), and contestants in the blind prediction contest were able to relatively accurately predict the displacement CDFs. The performance of finite element and discrete element modeling approaches depends on input parameters and assumptions, with models without Rayleigh damping producing better predictions.
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING & STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Shaohui Liu, Lizhong Jiang, Wangbao Zhou, Jian Yu
Summary: This study evaluates the post-earthquake damage to track-bridge systems by conducting nonlinear time history analysis on a CRTS II ballastless track simply-supported beam system subjected to transverse earthquake loading. It explores the characteristics of residual displacement and stiffness degradation of the track-bridge system under transverse earthquakes. The research investigates the effect of earthquake-induced stiffness degradation on high-speed trains and proposes a reconstruction method for earthquake-induced dynamic irregularity characteristic curve considering probability guarantee rates. The results indicate that earthquake-induced dynamic irregularity can effectively quantify the running performance of high-speed trains under earthquake-induced stiffness degradation conditions.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Rui Zhang, Xiangqian Sheng, Wenliang Fan
Summary: This study introduces a novel approach for the probabilistic assessment of seismic earth pressure against nonlinear backfills. Nonlinear upper bound analysis is used to obtain the seismic earth pressure through optimization procedure, and probability analysis of nonlinear backfill properties is considered by combining adaptive dimension decomposition with the direct integral method.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Qiangqiang Sun, Yu Xue, Menghao Hou
Summary: This study investigated the use of Tire-derived aggregate (TDA) as backfill material for geotechnical seismic isolation in utility tunnels. Nonlinear numerical analyses were conducted, and the results showed that TDA backfill was an excellent alternative for risk mitigation during strong earthquakes, significantly reducing deformation and forces. The proposed system could potentially save costs compared to expensive seismic mitigation measures.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Yan-Guo Zhou, Dong-Chao Zhang, Kai Liu, Yun-Min Chen
Summary: This study investigated the large deformations caused by liquefaction in sloping ground and the methods for evaluation and mitigation. Soil element tests and centrifuge model tests were conducted to study the relationship between residual strain and Post-liquefaction Deformation Potential (PLDP). The tests showed that the developments of residual strain were controlled by PLDP, which is correlated with the maximum cyclic shear strain. The applicability of PLDP was verified in model tests, and the mitigation mechanisms of densification and drainage induced by stone columns were observed.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Jiajin Zhao, Zhehao Zhu, Dexuan Zhang, Hao Wang, Xi Li
Summary: This paper studies the fabric properties during sand liquefaction using 3D constant-volume cyclic triaxial DEM tests. The results show good consistency with experimental data. The evolution of fabric characteristics is assessed using the coordination number and mechanical coordination number. The second-order contact normal fabric tensor is introduced to analyze complex inter-particle contacts and the shear strain is used as a bridge to describe the evolution of coordination number and anisotropy degree.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Jinqiang Li, Zilan Zhong, Shurui Wang, Kaiming Bi, Hong Hao
Summary: The corrosion-protection liner technology improves the seismic performance of water supply pipelines and reduces the failure probability under earthquake excitations.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Abdellah Cherif Taiba, Youcef Mahmoudi, Mostefa Belkhatir
Summary: This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Liu et al.'s (2023) published paper in the Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering journal, which examines the impact of particle shape on the wave velocity of sand. By enhancing the content integrity, this article serves as a valuable discussion piece for readers interested in this research topic.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Weijian Zhong, Binbin Li, Yanhui Liu, Ping Tan, Fulin Zhou
Summary: In this paper, the Flexible Limit Protective Device (FLPD) was improved to a Flexible Energy Dissipating Device (FEDD) to better control the seismic response of base-isolated structures. Experimental investigation and numerical simulation were conducted to study the compression behavior and optimize the design of FEDDs. The results showed that FEDDs with optimal parameters effectively reduced isolator displacements and kept the inter-story drift angle within a safe range during earthquakes.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Xinhua Xue, Xiaojie Yuan, Li Tao
Summary: In this study, gene expression programming (GEP) was used to establish the relationship between the capacity energy required to trigger sand liquefaction and several major parameters. The GEP model showed higher accuracy and better performance compared to existing models, as confirmed by experimental data.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Xiao-ling Zhang, Hao Lan, Xian-hui Zhao, Cheng-shun Xu, Ke-min Jia
Summary: The study investigates the reinforcement principle of inclined liquefiable site using concrete pile and gravel pile methods. The results show that concrete piles have a better reinforcement effect on inclined liquefiable site compared to gravel piles, and increasing the diameter of gravel piles greatly improves the reinforcement effect. The pile group reinforcement model is more effective in reducing lateral displacement of the site soil compared to the single pile reinforcement model.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Jinxin Sun, Haoyu Sun, Mengmeng Lu, Bolin Han
Summary: The implementation of stone columns is an effective way to improve the stability of liquefiable soil. However, existing mathematical models often neglect vertical seepage within the soil, leading to calculation errors. This study proposes a new mathematical model that considers both radial and vertical seepage, and conducts a parameter analysis to investigate the effects of column spacing, cyclic stress ratio, and consolidation parameters on excess pore water pressure.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Jonathan F. Hubler, James P. Hanley, Andrew C. Stolte, Liam Wotherspoon, Kyle M. Rollins
Summary: This study performed blast liquefaction tests in an area that experienced extensive liquefaction. It used multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) testing to evaluate changes in shear wave velocity (VS) before and after blasting. The study found that array length has an impact on the immediate changes in VS following blasting, but these changes decrease at 24 hours post-blast.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Lowell Tan Cabangon, Gaetano Elia, Mohamed Rouainia, Suraparb Keawsawasvong, Teraphan Ornthammarath
Summary: The impact of far-field earthquakes on underground structures, especially tunnels, has been relatively less explored compared to near-field earthquakes. However, the study found that far-field earthquakes can generate forces in tunnel lining that are equally destructive as those induced by near-field motions, especially when they contain long-period waves. The amplification of these ground motions in soft natural clays, common in Bangkok, can lead to significant soil displacements and shear strains.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Jinjun Hu, Longbing Ding, Xutong Zhou, Mingji Liu, Jingyang Tan
Summary: Offshore near-fault ground motions during the 2016 OffMie Mw6.0 earthquake in the Nankai Trough of Japan were studied using data from the DONET1 seafloor seismic network. The results show that offshore spectral acceleration and peak ground velocity are higher than onshore values. Analysis of pulse-like ground motions reveals differences in amplitude, frequency content, and energy between offshore and onshore motions. These findings have implications for seismic design of offshore engineering structures.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Radu Popescu, Pradipta Chakrabortty
Summary: The natural spatial variability of soil properties affects the mechanical response of geotechnical structures and can deviate failure surfaces. For soil liquefaction induced by seismic activity, it has been found that greater excess pore water pressure is generated in soils with small-scale variability. This paper provides an explanation based on centrifuge experiments and numerical simulations, showing that partial drainage during earthquakes may trigger softening of dilative soils.
SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
(2024)
