HDL cholesterol as a predictor for the incidence of lower extremity amputation and wound-related death in patients with diabetic foot ulcers

Objective: We examined whether HDL cholesterol levels are a predictor for an incidence of lower-extremity amputation (LEA) and wound-related death in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Research design and methods: This was a single-center, observational, longitudinal historical cohort study of 163 Japanese ambulatory patients with DFUs, 45 woman and 118 men, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 62 (14) years. The primary composite endpoint was defined as the worst of the following outcomes for each individual; (1) minor amputation, defined as amputation below the ankle, (2) major amputation, defined as amputation above the ankle, and (3) wound-related death. Results: During the median follow-up period of 5.1 months, 67 patients (41.1%) reached the endpoint (43 minor amputations, 16 major amputations, and 8 wound-related deaths). In the univariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis, lower HDL cholesterol levels (mmol/L) were significantly associated with the incidence of the primary composite endpoint (hazard ratio 0.16 [ 95% CI 0.08-0.32], p < 0.001). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis using a stepwise variable-selecting procedure, HDL cholesterol levels in addition to the presence of ankle brachial index <0.9 or >= 1.4 and serum albumin levels were selected as independent risk factors for the incidence of the endpoint (hazard ratio 0.30 [95% CI 0.14-0.63], p = 0.002). Similar results were obtained when HDL cholesterol levels were treated as a categorical variable (>= 1.03 mmol/L or less). Conclusions: HDL cholesterol levels might be a novel clinical predictor for the incidence of LEA and wound-related death in patients with DFUs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.