Article
Immunology
Carina Valente, Ana R. Cruz, Adriano O. Henriques, Raquel Sa-Leao
Summary: Streptococcus pneumoniae, a human pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality, can exhibit intra-species interactions in biofilms. These interactions are independent of the capsular and sequence type of the strains involved. A new experimental approach was developed to study these interactions, which can help understand the underlying mechanisms. This study provides important insights into the mixed biofilm growth of pneumococcal strains.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Maimuna Carrim, Stefano Tempia, Deus Thindwa, Neil A. Martinson, Kathleen Kahn, Stefan Flasche, Orienka Hellferscee, Florette K. Treurnicht, Meredith L. McMorrow, Jocelyn Moyes, Thulisa Mkhencele, Azwifarwi Mathunjwa, Jackie Kleynhans, Limakatso Lebina, Katlego Mothlaoleng, Floidy Wafawanaka, Francesc Xavier Gomez-Olive, Cheryl Cohen, Anne von Gottberg, Nicole Wolter
Summary: This study conducted in high HIV prevalence settings found that pneumococcus colonization is widespread across all age groups. Children and individuals with HIV are more likely to be colonized and have higher pneumococcal loads. Carriage duration decreases with age, highlighting the importance of children in pneumococcal transmission.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ryan Robinson, Christopher A. Myerscough, Nengjie He, Helen Hill, Wendi Shepherd, Patricia Gonzalez-Dias, Konstantinos Liatsikos, Samuel Latham, Fred Fyles, Klara Doherty, Phoebe Hazenberg, Fathimath Shiham, Daniella Mclenghan, Hugh Adler, Vicki Randles, Seher Zaidi, Angela Hyder-Wright, Elena Mitsi, Hassan Burhan, Ben B. Morton, Jamie M. Rylance, Maia M. Lesosky, Stephen Gordon, Andrea Collins, Daniela Ferreira
Summary: Experimental Human Pneumococcal Challenge (EHPC) is a safe procedure for studying vaccine research, with no serious adverse events related to pneumococcal inoculation. Colonised individuals were more likely to experience safety events, but most symptoms were mild and could be managed conservatively. Outpatient human pneumococcal challenge can be conducted safely with appropriate safety monitoring procedures in place.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
David W. Cleary, Denise E. Morris, Rebecca A. Anderson, Jessica Jones, Ahmed Ghazi Alattraqchi, Nor Iza A. Rahman, Salwani Ismail, Mohd Sayuti Razali, Rahmah Mohd Amin, Aniza Abd Aziz, Nor Kamaruzaman Esa, Salman Amiruddin, Ching Hoong Chew, Hafis Simin, Ramle Abdullah, Chew Chieng Yeo, Stuart C. Clarke
Summary: This study examined the airway microbiomes of the Orang Asli indigenous peoples of Malaysia and found significant differences in microbial diversity among different age groups. Different dominant microbial communities were observed in different microbiomes. High carriage rates of Staphylococcus aureus and pneumococci were detected using conventional microbiology methods.
NPJ BIOFILMS AND MICROBIOMES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sambuddha Kumar, Debjani Ram Purakayastha, Arti Kapil, Siddhartha Saha, Fatimah S. Dawood, Bimal Kumar Das, Ritvik Amarchand, Rakesh Kumar, Kathryn E. Lafond, Seema Jain, Anand Krishnan
Summary: The study conducted in a rural community in northern India found a pneumococcal carriage rate of 5.1% among children, with the highest rate in children under 1 year old. Children with acute respiratory infections had a higher carriage rate than asymptomatic children. The diverse range of serotypes identified suggests that the current 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine formulation covers half of the serotypes found in the study.
Article
Immunology
Leore Kotler, David Greenberg, Noga Givon-Lavi, Bart Adriaan van der Beek, Ron Dagan, Shalom Ben-Shimol
Summary: The study evaluated the impact of PCV on pneumococcal carriage rates in healthy and sick children aged 6-23 months, showing a decrease in carriage rates in respiratory diseases but not in healthy children and those without respiratory infections. This suggests a reduction in respiratory infections caused by VT with a stable rate of non-VT in non-respiratory cases.
Article
Immunology
Sonia T. Almeida, Ana Cristina Paulo, Filipe Froes, Herminia de Lencastre, Raquel Sa-Leao
Summary: The study found that the pneumococcal carrier state in healthy adults is more dynamic than generally assumed, with frequent acquisition and often long duration of carriage. This suggests that some adults may act as reservoirs of pneumococci, impacting the potential herd effects achievable through children vaccination depending on the community's social structure. These findings are important for designing strategies to prevent pneumococcal disease in adults.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Adnan Al-Lahham
Summary: Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage rate is high in infants, especially starting from the first month of life. Main serotypes include 19F, 6A, 11A, etc. High coverage rates were observed for PCV13 and PCV20, with PCV20 having the highest coverage rate.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yasser Helmy Mohamed, Michiko Toizumi, Masafumi Uematsu, Hien-Anh Thi Nguyen, Lien Thuy Le, Mizuki Takegata, Chihiro Iwasaki, Noriko Kitamura, Monica L. Nation, Eileen M. Dunne, Jason Hinds, Hung Thai Do, Mai Quang Vien, Catherine Satzke, Stefan Flasche, Kim Mulholland, Duc-Anh Dang, Takashi Kitaoka, Lay-Myint Yoshida
Summary: The prevalence and association of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharynx and conjunctiva among children in a community were investigated. Non-encapsulated S. pneumoniae were most commonly identified in the conjunctiva, with a high concordance of serotypes between the nasopharynx and conjunctiva. Low birthweight, day-care attendance, and recent eye symptoms were independently associated with S. pneumoniae detection in the conjunctiva.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Muhammad Imran Nisar, Fyezah Jehan, Shahira Shahid, Sheraz Ahmed, Sadia Shakoor, Furqan Kabir, Aneeta Hotwani, Sahrish Muneer, Farah Khalid, Sajid Muhammad, Benjamin M. Althouse, Hao Hu, Cynthia G. Whitney, Asad Ali, Anita K. M. Zaidi, Saad B. Omer, Najeeha Iqbal
Summary: Pakistan introduced the PCV10 vaccine in 2013 and conducted a study on infants from 2014-2018. The study showed a significant decrease in carriage of vaccine-related serotypes and an increase in non-vaccine related serotypes. This highlights the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of existing vaccine formulations.
Article
Microbiology
Jessica R. Lane, Muralidhar Tata, Rahena Yasmin, Hansol Im, David E. Briles, Carlos J. Orihuela
Summary: The virulence factor PspA plays a critical role in the aggregation and protection of Streptococcus pneumoniae during colonization, while lactoferrin counters this effect. PspA forms protein complexes with mGAPDH and lactoferrin on the surface of the bacteria, and changes in the levels of these proteins may have important implications on the colonization, survival on fomites, and transmission of S. pneumoniae.
Article
Immunology
Adnan Al-Lahham, Nashat Khanfar, Noor Albataina, Rana Al Shwayat, Rawsan Altwal, Talal Abulfeilat, Ghaith Alawneh, Mohammad Khurd, Abdelsalam Alqadi Altamimi
Summary: The study revealed higher carriage rate and resistance rates for pneumococcal in Eastern Madaba compared to Amman, with predominant serotypes being 19F. Additionally, coverage of PCV vaccines was higher in Eastern Madaba compared to Amman.
Article
Immunology
Michaela Tinggaard, Hans-Christian Slotved, Kurt Fuursted, Merete Storgaard, Sandra Drose, Isik Somuncu Johansen, Kristina Thorsteinsson, Gitte Kronborg, Anne-Mette Lebech, Thomas Benfield
Summary: The study found that the oral carriage rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were high among HIV-positive men, while the anal carriage rates were lower.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Sofia Felix, Desiree Henares, Carmen Munoz-Almagro, Raquel Sa-Leao
Summary: This study found a high frequency of pneumococcal multiple serotype carriage in children with invasive pneumococcal disease, with some nasopharyngeal samples carrying pneumococcal serotypes different from the ones causing disease. Further investigation is needed to determine the importance of multiple serotype carriage in the onset and progression of pneumococcal infection.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Bettina H. Cheung, Arghavan Alisoltani, Travis J. Kochan, Marine Lebrun-Corbin, Sophia H. Nozick, Christopher M. R. Axline, Kelly E. R. Bachta, Egon A. Ozer, Alan R. Hauser
Summary: Gastrointestinal colonization by Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant risk factor for infection and transmission. This study used transposon insertion sequencing to analyze the genetic requirements for colonization of three clinical strains of K. pneumoniae. The results showed that some genes were required by all strains, while others were strain-specific. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of K. pneumoniae colonization in the mouse GI tract.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hanna Rinta-Kokko, Arto A. Palmu, Esa Ruokokoski, Heta Nieminen, Marta Moreira, Lode Schuerman, Dorota Borys, Jukka Jokinen
Summary: This study assessed the indirect impact of a 10-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV10) on pneumococcal disease. The results showed no clear indirect effects of PHiD-CV10 in an unvaccinated population, possibly due to low vaccination coverage and the implementation of a national vaccination program.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Grant A. Mackenzie, Isaac Osei, Rasheed Salaudeen, Ilias Hossain, Benjamin Young, Ousman Secka, Umberto D'Alessandro, Arto A. Palmu, Jukka Jokinen, Jason Hinds, Stefan Flasche, Kim Mulholland, Cattram Nguyen, Brian Greenwood
Summary: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a reduced-dose schedule of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in middle- and low-income countries. The study uses a large cluster-randomised, non-inferiority, real-world trial design to compare an alternative "1 + 1" reduced-dose schedule with the standard "3 + 0" schedule, and evaluates the effects of both schedules using multiple endpoints.
Article
Immunology
Eero Poukka, Ulrike Baum, Arto A. Palmu, Toni O. Lehtonen, Heini Salo, Hanna Nohynek, Tuija Leino
Summary: Recently, the effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines, especially against mild disease, has decreased due to the emergence of the Delta variant and waning protection. A register-based study in Finland found that the vaccine effectiveness of two-dose mRNA vaccine series against SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased from 82% to 53% after 6 months. Similar trends were observed for other vaccine series. Waning protection was not observed against Covid-19 hospitalization. These results inform decision-making regarding booster doses for healthcare workers.
Article
Immunology
Anu Haveri, Anna Solastie, Nina Ekstrom, Pamela Osterlund, Hanna Nohynek, Tuomo Nieminen, Arto A. Palmu, Merit Melin
Summary: The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has raised concerns about neutralization escape and breakthrough infections. Researchers found that healthcare workers who received three doses of the vaccine had high levels of neutralizing antibodies, while the elderly had lower levels and some lacked antibodies against the Beta and Omicron variants. Previously infected subjects who received one mRNA vaccine dose had variable levels of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, but the levels against Omicron were barely detectable after one month.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Lise Gehrt, Ida Laake, Helene Englund, Heta Nieminen, Christine Stabell Benn, Berit Feiring, Lill Trogstad, Arto A. Palmu, Signe Sorup
Summary: Comparing rates of childhood infectious disease hospitalisations across Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden revealed significant differences in disease burden, organizational structures, and coding practices. Inpatient contacts requiring overnight stays reflected comparable levels of severe infections across countries. Boys and children under 2 years of age had the highest morbidity rates for childhood infectious diseases.
CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Jussi Halme, Ritva K. Syrjanen, Ulrike Baum, Arto A. Palmu
Summary: This study compared different study designs for estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness and found that the register-based cohort design yielded results more consistent with the active test-negative design and produced more precise estimates.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Nils Skajaa, Lise Gehrt, Heta Nieminen, Ida Laake, Helene Englund, Ute Wolff Sonksen, Berit Feiring, Christine Stabell Benn, Lill Trogstad, Arto A. Palmu, Signe Sorup
Summary: There are differences in the use of antibiotics in children in four Northern European countries. However, the use of antibiotics in children has declined in all countries.
CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Timothee Dub, Anna Solastie, Lotta Hagberg, Oona Liedes, Hanna Nohynek, Anu Haveri, Camilla Virta, Saimi Vara, Mervi Lasander, Nina Ekstrom, Pamela Osterlund, Katja Lind, Hanna Valtonen, Heidi Hemmila, Niina Ikonen, Timo Lukkarinen, Arto A. Palmu, Merit Melin
Summary: Household transmission studies found that other members in the household have a high risk of becoming infected following detection of a COVID-19 case. The early B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persist for at least a year in most cases.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jacob Dag Berild, Vilde Bergstad Larsen, Emilia Myrup Thiesson, Toni Lehtonen, Mari Grosland, Jon Helgeland, Jan Wolhlfahrt, Jorgen Vinslov Hansen, Arto A. Palmu, Anders Hviid
Summary: This study evaluated the association between AZD1222, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273 vaccines and subsequent thromboembolic and thrombocytopenic events. The results showed an increased rate of hospital contacts for coagulation disorders and cerebrovascular disease, especially for thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous thrombosis, following vaccination with AZD1222.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Heta Nieminen, Tuovi Hakulinen, Taneli Puumalainen, Paivi Siren, Arto A. Palmu
Summary: This study aimed to measure the time used by public health nurses and physicians in child health clinics in Finland for different tasks during visits, and evaluate the costs of preventive health care procedures. The study found that administering vaccines in Finnish child health clinics is relatively simple and inexpensive due to regular scheduled visits.
Article
Immunology
J. Pekka Nuorti, Hanna Rinta-Kokko, Maija Toropainen, Lotta Siira, Hanna Nohynek, Arto A. Palmu
Summary: The study showed significant indirect effects of PCV10 on vaccine-serotype IPD and overall IPD in adults. Non-vaccine IPD incidence stabilized after 5 years of infant PCV10 introduction, with non-vaccine IPD accounting for nearly 90% of overall IPD. Older adults still face a substantial burden of pneumococcal disease.
Article
Immunology
Heta Nieminen, Mika Lahdenkari, Ritva K. Syrjanen, Hanna Nohynek, Esa Ruokokoski, Arto A. Palmu
Summary: A natural experiment in Finland showed that the BCG vaccine administered in the national vaccination program had non-specific effects, reducing the incidence of hospital-diagnosed infections, particularly respiratory infections, during the first three months of life. However, in the follow-up from four to twelve months, BCG-vaccinated children had slightly higher infection rates compared to the non-vaccinated children.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Ulrike Baum, Eero Poukka, Tuija Leino, Terhi Kilpi, Hanna Nohynek, Arto A. Palmu
Summary: This study found that vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 is high among the elderly. The effectiveness slightly waned after two doses, but a third dose restored the protection. Furthermore, the vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 remained high even after the emergence of the Omicron variant.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Grant A. A. Mackenzie, Arto A. A. Palmu, Jukka Jokinen, Isaac Osei, Stefan Flasche, Brian Greenwood, Kim Mulholland, Cattram Nguyen
Summary: The effectiveness of universal immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been evident in many countries. However, the cost of PCV limits its global impact. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of an alternative vaccine schedule with a lower cost to the standard schedule, and improve the sustainability of PCV in low-income countries.
Article
Immunology
Anna Solastie, Tuomo Nieminen, Nina Ekstrom, Hanna Nohynek, Lasse Lehtonen, Arto A. Palmu, Merit Melin
Summary: Studying the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies allows for assessing the impact of containment measures and vaccinations. In Finland, N-IgG seroprevalence remained low until 2021 and increased rapidly after the emergence of the Omicron variant. Seroprevalence was highest in the youngest age groups from 2022 onwards. By the end of 2022, it was estimated that 51% of the Finnish population had antibody-mediated hybrid immunity.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)