Review
Engineering, Civil
Matthew J. DiDomizio, Vusal Ibrahimli, Elizabeth J. Weckman
Summary: The cone calorimeter is commonly used to measure the fire performance of solid materials exposed to radiant heating. This study aimed to review literature on testing liquids using the cone calorimeter and provide recommendations for a standardized testing protocol. The findings show the importance of proper experimental conditions and apparatus selection in conducting accurate and consistent cone calorimeter tests for liquids.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Marouane El Gazi, Rodolphe Sonnier, Stephane Giraud, Marcos Batistella, Shantanu Basak, Loic Dumazert, Raymond Hajj, Roland El Hage
Summary: The study found that the flammability of thermally thin materials is primarily determined by sample weight, with the peak of heat release rate and burning rate being influenced by fire load. A simple model was proposed to calculate pHRR based on heat flux, sample weight, and effective heat of combustion. This model can predict easily the peak of heat release rate and guide flame retardant strategies.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Sin Woo Kim, Soo Gyeong Park, Eui Ju Lee
Summary: Lithium-ion batteries, commonly used for renewable energy storage and mobile power, pose a fire risk due to the potential for explosion. The combustion properties are influenced by the state of charge, with higher SOC batteries exhibiting higher maximum heat release rate and greater mass loss. The introduction of average rate of heat emission helps to comprehensively predict reactiveness and explosiveness in the event of a fire.
JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Ingemar Svensson, Amaia Butron, Maddalen Puyadena, Alba Gonzalez, Lourdes Irusta, Aitor Barrio
Summary: In this study, a new phosphate-containing bio-polyester was synthesized and evaluated as a fire-retardant in wooden particleboards. The bio-polyester was produced through introducing phosphate esters in glycerol using phosphorus pentoxide, followed by esterification with citric acid. The fire performance of the particleboards was improved with increased char residue and reduced heat release rates. The effectiveness of the bio-polyester as an additive was similar to that of ammonium polyphosphate.
Article
Thermodynamics
Man Chen, Pengjie Liu, Yongqi Li, Yuhang Hu, Zhenkai Hu, Qingsong Wang
Summary: The main fire hazard source of redox flow batteries is the electrode frame, followed by the bipolar plate. The thermal stability of membranes is the worst, while the electrode is a non-flammable component with little fire risk. These findings can provide safety guidelines for both improving RFBs and their large-scale usage.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Atif Hussain, Veronic Landry, Pierre Blanchet, Doan-Trang Hoang, Christian Dagenais
Summary: By modifying ammonium polyphosphate, intumescent coatings with improved resistance to water, humidity, and fire were prepared. The coatings showed enhanced fire-retarding properties on wood samples, making them potentially useful in the bio-based construction industry.
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Shenshi Huang, Ruichao Wei, Jingwen Weng, Jian Wang
Summary: This study investigated the thermal behavior of NC-ethanol mixtures and found that an ethanol content of approximately 30-50% helps reduce the thermal hazard of NC during a fire. The results provide insights into ensuring safe storage of NC and effective fire suppression measures.
Article
Environmental Sciences
J. Madrigal, A. Martin, R. Chambel, M. Guijarro, C. Hernando, M. Callejas, J. Espinosa, J. Climent
Summary: This study investigates the effects of radiation and flame on the opening and seed release of serotinous cones for the first time, revealing a threshold of 25-30 kW m(-2) for cone opening. Results show that heating mode, cone age, and ignition significantly affect cone opening, with ignition boosting the efficacy of opening and seed release.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Asih Melati, Abdelhakim Settar, Madiha Rashid, Khaled Chetehouna, Okur Nazan, Omer B. Berkalp
Summary: This study compares the thermal behavior of bamboo-based and banana-based Green Bio-Composites (GBC) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone-calorimeter experiments. The results show that the bamboo-based material outperforms the banana-based material in terms of flame retardancy, and the Intumescent Fire-Retardant (IFR) coating improves the flame retardancy of both materials.
JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Thermodynamics
Yufeng Quan, Zhuoran Zhang, Rachel N. Tanchak, Qingsheng Wang
Summary: This review focuses on the combustion behaviors of polymer materials evaluated using the cone calorimeter, including the effects of key operating parameters and setup geometries, as well as the measured properties such as heat release, smoke production, and gas analysis.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2022)
Article
Ecology
Bobo Shi, Chenyang Yang, Haifan Long, Ying Zhang, Xiaoyu Ju, Xianjia Huang
Summary: This study investigates the combustion characteristics and fire hazard of different types of cables under different radiation intensities. It reveals that higher external radiation intensity increases the risk of fire for cables. In terms of smoke toxicity, network cables pose the lowest risk, while electrical cables have the highest overall fire hazard.
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Md Delwar Hossain, Swapan Saha, Md Kamrul Hassan, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Cheng Wang, Waseem Hittini, Laurel George, Richard Wuhrer
Summary: This study aims to improve the test data consistency of reaction-to-fire properties of lightweight cladding systems by proposing a modified test approach, which significantly enhances the repeatability of the test data.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Nur Aliah Fatin Mohd Nizam Ong, Muhammad Adnan Sadiq, Mohamad Syazarudin Md Said, Grunde Jomaas, Mohd Zahirasri Mohd Tohir, Jens Steemann Kristensen
Summary: The fault tree analysis of fires related to photovoltaic systems revealed that the failure rate and causes of fires are mainly due to electric components and improper installation practices. The main cause of PV fires is electrical arcing, with 33% of incidents being caused by unknown or unrelated ignition sources. These findings highlight the importance of mitigating consequences and improving management, particularly regarding components such as connectors.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Olina ohrn, Kesavarao Sykam, Sidique Gawusu, Rhoda Afriyie Mensah, Michael Forsth, Vigneshwaran Shanmugam, N. B. Karthik Babu, Gabriel Sas, Lin Jiang, Qiang Xu, Agoston Restas, Oisik Das
Summary: In this study, the effectiveness of a zinc oxide (ZnO) powder coating in improving the fire safety of wood exposed to radiative heat flux was examined. Two different amounts of ZnO (0.5 and 1 g ZnO per dm2) were applied to the wood surface and subjected to radiative heat. The results showed that applying ZnO significantly increased the ignition time of the wood, demonstrating a potential method to delay wood ignition and reduce flame spread.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Mustafa Mukhtar, Donald Klosterman, Vladimir Benin, Alexander Morgan
Summary: The paper discusses the synthesis of a phosphorus-based flame retardant and its incorporation into carbon fiber laminates as a matrix. Experimental results show that P-DGEBA polymerizes well with DGEBA and an aliphatic amine curing agent, indicating good potential as a reactive FR for epoxy + carbon fiber composites. However, there are mixed results regarding the flame retardant activity of P-DGEBA, with further study needed to clarify its effectiveness.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
