TRIP-1 via AKT modulation drives lung fibroblast/myofibroblast trans-differentiation

Background: Myofibroblasts are the critical effector cells in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis which carries a high degree of morbidity and mortality. We have previously identified Type II TGF beta receptor interacting protein 1 (TRIP-1), through proteomic analysis, as a key regulator of collagen contraction in primary human lung fibroblasts-a functional characteristic of myofibroblasts, and the last, but critical step in the process of fibrosis. However, whether or not TRIP-1 modulates fibroblast trans-differentiation to myofibroblasts is not known. Methods: TRIP-1 expression was altered in primary human lung fibroblasts by siRNA and plasmid transfection. Transfected fibroblasts were then analyzed for myofibroblast features and function such as alpha-SMA expression, collagen contraction ability, and resistance to apoptosis. Results: The down-regulation of TRIP-1 expression in primary human lung fibroblasts induces alpha-SMA expression and enhances resistance to apoptosis and collagen contraction ability. In contrast, TRIP-1 over-expression inhibits alpha-SMA expression. Remarkably, the effects of the loss of TRIP-1 are not abrogated by blockage of TGF beta ligand activation of the Smad3 pathway or by Smad3 knockdown. Rather, a TRIP-1 mediated enhancement of AKT phosphorylation is the implicated pathway. In TRIP-1 knockdown fibroblasts, AKT inhibition prevents alpha-SMA induction, and transfection with a constitutively active AKT construct drives collagen contraction and decreases apoptosis. Conclusions: TRIP-1 regulates fibroblast acquisition of phenotype and function associated with myofibroblasts. The importance of this finding is it suggests TRIP-1 expression could be a potential target in therapeutic strategy aimed against pathological fibrosis.