Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Rakshit S. Tanna, James T. Nguyen, Deena L. Hadi, Preston K. Manwill, Laura Flores-Bocanegra, Matthew E. Layton, John R. White, Nadja B. Cech, Nicholas H. Oberlies, Allan E. Rettie, Kenneth E. Thummel, Mary F. Paine
Summary: This study assessed the pharmacokinetics of a low dose of kratom in healthy participants and found significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of different alkaloids. These differences may be attributed to variations in metabolism and distribution based on the alkaloids' specific configurations. The study provides a foundation for further research on the safety and effectiveness of kratom products.
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Maria de las Olas Cerezo-Arias, Javier Gomez-Tabales, Manuel Marti, Elena Garcia-Martin, Jose A. G. Agundez
Summary: Acetaminophen pharmacokinetics are influenced by sex and UGT1A6 genetic variants, with women having lower clearance and higher plasma drug concentrations. UGT1A6 variants are associated with decreased acetaminophen metabolism.
JOURNAL OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Rahimah Hassan, Sasidharan Sreenivasan, Christian P. Mueller, Zurina Hassan
Summary: The study evaluated the potential of prescription medications (methadone, buprenorphine, and clonidine) in alleviating mitragynine withdrawal signs. The results showed that these drugs significantly attenuated the withdrawal symptoms, with no major effects on blood or organ toxicity observed.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Daniel J. Farkas, Saadet Inan, Laila N. Heydari, Clare T. Johnson, Pingwei Zhao, Heather B. Bradshaw, Sara Jane Ward, Scott M. Rawls
Summary: This study found that cannabinoid mechanisms contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of the kratom alkaloid MG in a model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, suggesting that co-administration with cannabinoids may increase its therapeutic efficacy.
Article
Neurosciences
Farah Wahida Suhaimi, Zurina Hassan, Sharif Mahsufi Mansor, Christian P. Mueller
Summary: The study demonstrated that repeated exposure to Mitragynine increased delta power in the cortical regions while decreasing alpha power, and also decreased delta power in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that acute and chronic Mitragynine exposure can significantly impact EEG activity, potentially affecting behavioral and cognitive functions, particularly learning and memory.
NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Thenmoly Damodaran, Nelson Jeng-Yeou Chear, Vikneswaran Murugaiyah, Mohd Nizam Mordi, Surash Ramanathan
Summary: The study showed that kratom decoction and its alkaloids have toxic effects on the embryonic development of zebrafish at high concentrations, indicating potential teratogenic risks during pregnancy.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
Niklavs Udris, Kristaps Jaudzems, Gints Smits
Summary: The stereoselective total synthesis of a proposed potent serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist uncarialin A was achieved with a 17% overall yield using meroquinene tert-butyl ester as the chiral synthon. Spectral differences between the synthetic product and the sample isolated from natural sources suggest a need to revise the structure of the natural product.
JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Oliver Grundmann, Katherine Hill, Everest Al Barzanji, Nilofar Ghulam Hazrat, Gurnoor Kaur, Ryan Einstein Negeve, Soren Shade, Sam Weber, Charles A. Veltri
Summary: This study analyzed a specific kratom tea bag product to determine its mitragynine content using tea infusion preparation and methanolic extraction. An online anonymous survey was also conducted to gather information on demographics, kratom use patterns, and self-reported effects from consumers of both the tea bag product and other kratom products. The results showed that the mitragynine levels were lower in tea infusion extracts compared to methanolic extracts, but kratom tea bag consumers reported similar beneficial effects to consumers of other kratom products, although often milder. Overall, tea bag consumers reported better self-reported health, but less improvement in diagnosed medical conditions compared to those using other kratom products.
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Jack E. Henningfield, Joseph Rodricks, Aaron M. Magnuson, Marilyn A. Huestis
Summary: Kratom leaf powders, tea-like decoctions, and commercial extracts are primarily taken orally for health and well-being by millions globally, and also to substitute opioid use. Research indicates that at high doses, mitragynine does not have significant respiratory depressant effects, but does have mild sedative effects.
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Urban Fagerholm, Sven Hellberg, Ola Spjuth
Summary: The study introduces a new method for predicting oral bioavailability in humans, achieving a predictive accuracy of 0.50 on a dataset of 184 compounds and identifying 27 compounds outside the model's applicability domain. Compared to interspecies correlations, the method shows better predictive accuracy in assessing oral bioavailability in humans.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Thiruventhan Karunakaran, Kok Zhuo Ngew, Ahmad Alif Danial Zailan, Vivien Yi Mian Jong, Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
Summary: Mitragynine is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the medicinal plant Mitragyna speciosa, which shows promising analgesic effects with limited adverse effects compared to morphine. This review discusses the pharmacological and toxicological properties of mitragynine and its diastereomers, speciogynine, speciociliatine, and mitraciliatine, and explores the structure-activity relationship of these compounds.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Sarah E. Voelker, Sara E. Kern, Travis M. Falconer, Michael D. Thatcher, David M. Skelton, Kirk W. Gaston, Adam C. Lanzarotta, Lisa M. Lorenz, JaCinta S. Batson, Jonathan J. Litzau
Summary: The rapid screening of food and drug products for mitragynine, the most abundant alkaloid found in kratom plant leaves, is crucial. Field-deployable screening techniques such as DART-TD-MS, hand-held mass spectrometry, IMS, and FT-IR were evaluated for detecting mitragynine. These techniques offer potential for early detection of mitragynine in suspected products at ports of entry.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Kyunghee Kim, Mohammadamin Shahsavarani, Jorge Jonathan Oswaldo Garza-Garcia, Jack Edward Carlisle, Jun Guo, Vincenzo De Luca, Yang Qu
Summary: Mitragynine, an analgesic alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), has a safer side effect profile compared to clinical opioids. The biosynthesis pathway of mitragynine has been identified, including the discovery of reductases, an enol methyltransferase, and a methyltransferase. The four-step biosynthesis of mitragynine and its stereoisomer, speciogynine, has been achieved in yeast and Escherichia coli.
Article
Neurosciences
Chiek Yi You, Zurina Hassan, Christian P. Mueller, Farah Wahida Suhaimi
Summary: The study aimed to examine the cognitive effects of mitragynine substitution in morphine-withdrawn rats and investigate whether neuronal addiction markers such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II alpha (alpha CaMKII) might mediate the observed effects. Results showed that mitragynine substitution was able to alleviate morphine withdrawal signs and improve cognitive deficits, suggesting its potential as a safe medication therapy for opiate addiction.
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Aiman Nadhirah Zul Aznal, Nurul Aqmar Mohamad Nor Hazalin, Zurina Hassan, Noorul Hamizah Mat, Nelson Jeng-Yeou Chear, Lay Kek Teh, Mohd Zaki Salleh, Farah Wahida Suhaimi
Summary: This study evaluated the effects of Mitragynine and lyophilised kratom decoction (LKD) on adolescent rats. The results showed that Mitragynine and LKD caused deficits in social behavior and reference memory, which may be associated with changes in brain metabolite profiles.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
