Article
Clinical Neurology
Whitney G. Hartstone, Mark H. Brown, Geoffrey C. Kelly, William J. Tate, Sheng-Han Kuo, Andrew J. Dwork, Elan D. Louis, Phyllis L. Faust
Summary: The study did not find significant differences in neuronal density or number in the dentate nucleus between essential tremor cases and controls.
MOVEMENT DISORDERS
(2021)
Review
Cell Biology
Goran Sedmak, Milos Judas
Summary: White matter interstitial neurons (WMIN) are an important but underestimated population in the adult brain, with diverse morphology and molecular diversity similar to cortical neurons. While previously considered functionally insignificant, current research demonstrates that WMIN play crucial roles in regulating cerebral blood flow, sleep, and information flow within the cortex.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ajay Nadig, Jakob Seidlitz, Cassidy L. McDermott, Siyuan Liu, Richard Bethlehem, Tyler M. Moore, Travis T. Mallard, Liv S. Clasen, Jonathan D. Blumenthal, Francois Lalonde, Ruben C. Gur, Raquel E. Gur, Edward T. Bullmore, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Armin Raznahan
Summary: Brain structural covariance norms show tightened coordination by age 25 and loosening after age 70. Imbalance changes are greatest in the association cortex and least in the sensorimotor cortex. Interindividual variation in whole-brain average anatomical imbalance is correlated with prenatal stress and cognitive ability.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Emily Castro-Fonseca, Viviane Morais, Camila G. da Silva, Juliana Wollner, Jaqueline Freitas, Arthur F. Mello-Neto, Luiz E. Oliveira, Vilson C. de Oliveira, Renata E. P. Leite, Ana T. Alho, Roberta D. Rodriguez, Renata E. L. Ferretti-Rebustini, Claudia K. Suemoto, Wilson Jacob-Filho, Ricardo Nitrini, Carlos A. Pasqualucci, Lea T. Grinberg, Fernanda Tovar-Moll, Roberto Lent
Summary: The human cerebral cortex is responsible for higher-order neural functions and has different cellular composition based on sex and age. Men have more neurons in the occipital lobe, while women have higher neuronal density in the frontal lobe. There are no sex differences in the number and density of cells in the other lobes and the whole neocortex. On average, the neocortex has approximately 10.2 billion neurons, with 34% in the frontal lobe and the remaining 66% evenly distributed among the other lobes. Aging affects the non-neuronal cell population in the frontal lobe but does not affect the number of neurons in the cortex. Our study provides insights into the modulation of cortical cellularity by sex and age.
Article
Clinical Neurology
N. A. Uranova, O. V. Vikhreva, V. I. Rakhmanova
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the abnormal interaction between neurons and satellite microglia (SatMg) in schizophrenia. Higher density of SatMg was found in the young schizophrenia group and those with shorter illness duration. The ultrastructural analysis revealed lower volume fraction and number of mitochondria, and higher volume fraction and number of lipofuscin granules and vacuoles in SatMg in schizophrenia. Neurons in schizophrenia showed larger soma area and vacuole volume compared to controls. The correlation between vacuoles in neurons and mitochondria in SatMg differed significantly between the control and schizophrenia group. These findings suggest disturbed SatMg-neuron interactions and mitochondrial abnormalities in SatMg as key factors in schizophrenia.
EUROPEAN ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Zhengguang Guo, Chen Shao, Yang Zhang, Wenying Qiu, Wenting Li, Weimin Zhu, Qian Yang, Yin Huang, Lili Pan, Yuepan Dong, Haidan Sun, Xiaoping Xiao, Wei Sun, Chao Ma, Liwei Zhang
Summary: This study provides a global multiregional proteomic map of the human cerebral cortex by analyzing 29 Brodmann areas. The findings identify cluster-specific and BA-specific signature proteins that are closely associated with specialized functions and disease vulnerability.
GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS
(2022)
Article
Anatomy & Morphology
Maciej Rowniak, Krystyna Bogus-Nowakowska, Daniel Kalinowski, Anna Kozlowska
Summary: This study provides quantitative data regarding the volumes, neuron density and numbers in the main amygdala nuclei of several mammalian species, showing different scaling relationships with brain mass, whole amygdala volume, and neuron numbers. The results suggest that each of the studied nuclei displays a unique pattern of evolution, not corresponding to classical concepts of amygdala parcellation, possibly reflecting diversity revealed by the expression of homeobox genes in embryological studies.
JOURNAL OF ANATOMY
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Halide Bilge Turkozer, Paulo Lizano, Iniya Adhan, Elena I. Ivleva, Olivia Lutz, Victor Zeng, Alexandria Zeng, Nicholas Raymond, Deepthi Bannai, Adam Lee, Jeffrey R. Bishop, Brett A. Clementz, Godfrey D. Pearlson, John A. Sweeney, Elliot S. Gershon, Matcheri S. Keshavan, Carol A. Tamminga
Summary: The study found significant reductions in area, thickness, and volume in the visual cortex of psychosis probands, with reductions seen in V1, V2, and MT regions. First-degree relatives of probands showed reductions in area and volume in the MT region. Sex differences were observed in area and volume reductions in V1 and V2, affecting only female probands.
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Biology
Hovy Ho-Wai Wong, Christina You Chien Chou, Alanna Jean Watt, Per Jesper Sjoestroem
Summary: This statement points out that inhibitory circuit motifs in the mouse brain and the human brain are remarkably similar.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ross M. Lawrence, Eric W. Bridgeford, Patrick E. Myers, Ganesh C. Arvapalli, Sandhya C. Ramachandran, Derek A. Pisner, Paige F. Frank, Allison D. Lemmer, Aki Nikolaidis, Joshua T. Vogelstein
Summary: Using standardized brain atlases can facilitate consistency and transparency in neuroscientific research, including aspects like orientation, resolution, labeling scheme, file storage format, and coordinate space designation. A research group has consolidated popular human brain atlases into a single, curated, open-source library following a standardized protocol, providing a basis for future atlases.
Article
Neurosciences
Ueli Rutishauser, Leila Reddy, Florian Mormann, Johannes Sarnthein
Summary: Recordings from neurons in humans implanted with electrodes reveal the existence of different types of cells related to memory, including those encoding selective and invariant representations of abstract concepts, and memory-selective cells associated with familiarity and episodic retrieval. Insights derived from observing these cells include the activation of semantic representations before episodic representations, the segregation of memory content and memory strength, and the relationship between cell activity and subjective awareness in declarative memory.
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Urology & Nephrology
Kotaro Haruhara, Go Kanzaki, Takaya Sasaki, Saeko Hatanaka, Yusuke Okabayashi, Victor G. Puelles, Ian S. Harper, Akira Shimizu, Luise A. Cullen-McEwen, Nobuo Tsuboi, Takashi Yokoo, John F. Bertram
Summary: Podocyte loss and nephron loss are common processes in glomerulosclerosis and chronic kidney disease. This study found a direct correlation between the number of non-sclerotic glomeruli and podometrics, suggesting that podocyte number decreases in individuals losing nephrons. Age and hypertension were also associated with lower podocyte number, with age affecting superficial glomeruli and hypertension affecting juxtamedullary glomeruli.
KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alphin J. Thottupattu, Jayanthi Sivaswamy, Venkateswaran P. Krishnan
Summary: Normative aging trends of the brain can be used as an important reference in assessing neurological structural disorders. This study proposes a method to develop an aging model using cross-sectional data, without longitudinal data, and the proposed model is successfully validated.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Biology
Mean-Hwan Kim, Cristina Radaelli, Elliot R. Thomsen, Deja Monet, Thomas Chartrand, Nikolas L. Jorstad, Joseph T. Mahoney, Michael J. Taormina, Brian Long, Katherine Baker, Trygve E. Bakken, Luke Campagnola, Tamara Casper, Michael Clark, Nick Dee, Florence D'Orazi, Clare Gamlin, Brian E. Kalmbach, Sara Kebede, Brian R. Lee, Lindsay Ng, Jessica Trinh, Charles Cobbs, Ryder P. Gwinn, C. Dirk Keene, Andrew L. Ko, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Daniel L. Silbergeld, Staci A. Sorensen, Jim Berg, Kimberly A. Smith, Philip R. Nicovich, Tim Jarsky, Hongkui Zeng, Jonathan T. Ting, Boaz P. Levi, Ed Lein
Summary: The study investigates synaptic properties between excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the human cortex, finding that the short-term plasticity of synaptic connections depends on the molecular identity of inhibitory neurons. This indicates the existence of target cell-specific synaptic properties and suggests evolutionary conservation of connectivity principles.
Article
Biology
Mean-Hwan Kim, Cristina Radaelli, Elliot R. Thomsen, Deja Monet, Thomas Chartrand, Nikolas L. Jorstad, Joseph T. Mahoney, Michael J. Taormina, Brian Long, Katherine Baker, Trygve E. Bakken, Luke Campagnola, Tamara Casper, Michael Clark, Nick Dee, Florence D'Orazi, Clare Gamlin, Brian E. Kalmbach, Sara Kebede, Brian R. Lee, Lindsay Ng, Jessica Trinh, Charles Cobbs, Ryder P. Gwinn, C. Dirk Keene, Andrew L. Ko, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Daniel L. Silbergeld, Staci A. Sorensen, Jim Berg, Kimberly A. Smith, Philip R. Nicovich, Tim Jarsky, Hongkui Zeng, Jonathan T. Ting, Boaz P. Levi, Ed Lein
Summary: This study investigates the synaptic properties between excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory PVALB- vs. SST-positive interneurons in the human cortex. The results show robust molecular differences in synapse-associated genes between these neuron types and heterogeneous synaptic dynamics in different postsynaptic cell types. The findings suggest the existence of target cell-specific synaptic properties in the human cortex, similar to rodents, indicating an evolutionary conservation of local circuit connectivity motifs from excitatory to inhibitory neurons and their synaptic dynamics.