A new organofunctional methoxysilane bilayer system for promoting adhesion of epoxidized rubber to zinc Part 1: Optimization of practical adhesion

Practical adhesion of rubber to zinc cords is measured for various zinc silanization treatments. Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS) alone or both APS and mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (gamma-MPS) were used as coupling agents for zinc and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). It is shown that special chemical and physical conditions are required to provide strong practical adhesion. With APS alone, best results are obtained when the zinc is silanized with 1% APS in isopropanol-water, cured at 110 degrees C for 1 h in air and vulcanized with ENR (20% epoxy groups) at 170 degrees C for 15 min. The adherence is further improved by double silanization with gamma-MPS (0.5%) and then APS (1%). In both cases, the concentration of silanes, the cure temperature of the silane layers, the ageing and acidity of the silane solutions are the main parameters which must be thoroughly optimized. In the case of double silanization, the highest practical adhesion seems to be correlated with a true gamma-MPS/APS bilayer structure which is achieved for a specific application of the gamma-MPS. It is suggested that this layer is bound to zinc through its thiol function, and the APS layer (on the gamma-MPS layer) is cross-linked to gamma-MPS and ENR through silanol and epoxy groups, respectively. When the silanized zinc surface was vulcanized and the rubber then peeled off the zinc surface, XPS analysis of the bare zinc areas indicates a rupture characteristic of an adhesive failure in the case of silanization by APS alone, and a cohesive failure in the case of the double silanization. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.