Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 106, Issue 22, Pages 8975-8979Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900215106
Keywords
extinction thresholds; hybridization; Magicicada; predator satiation
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- National Science Foundation [DEB 04-22386, DEB 05-29679, DEB 07-20664, DEB 07-22101]
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Periodical cicadas are well known for their prime-numbered life cycles (17 and 13 years) and their mass periodical emergences. The origination and persistence of prime-numbered cycles are explained by the hybridization hypothesis on the basis of their lower likelihood of hybridization with other cycles. Recently, we showed by using an integer-based numerical model that prime-numbered cycles are indeed selected for among 10- to 20-year cycles. Here, we develop a real-number-based model to investigate the factors affecting the selection of prime-numbered cycles. We include an Allee effect in our model, such that a critical population size is set as an extinction threshold. We compare the real-number models with and without the Allee effect. The results show that in the presence of an Allee effect, prime-numbered life cycles are most likely to persist and to be selected under a wide range of extinction thresholds.
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