Article
Polymer Science
Latha Krishnan, Baljinder K. Kandola, Dario Deli, John R. Ebdon
Summary: A novel blend of unsaturated polyester (UP) resin with an inherently flame-retardant and char-forming melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin has been prepared, resulting in reduced flammability of the UP resin. The blend exhibits low smoke output and char forming attributes, making it suitable for fire-retardant gel coat applications.
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Seyed Mohsen Seraji, Pingan Song, Russell J. Varley, Serge Bourbigot, Dean Voice, Hao Wang
Summary: The increasing demands for structural thermosets and regulations for fire safety have driven the development of high-performance eco-friendly fire-retardant thermoset polymers. There are three main approaches for creating fire-retardant UP, including intrinsically fire-retardant resins, copolymerization with reactive FRs, and hybridization with phosphorus additive FRs. Despite the advantages, challenges remain in terms of processability, curing behavior, and mechanical properties.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Gang Zhang, Dongdong Song, Su Ma, Yanlin Wang, Xiaotian Xie, Yanmao Dong
Summary: This study synthesized a new reactive flame-retardant monomer MVDOS to modify UPR, resulting in improved flame-retardant properties with the composites achieving a V-0 rating without dripping. The introduction of MVDOS also enhanced the stability of UPR composites and promoted the formation of a carbon layer, providing an effective barrier to protect the materials.
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jianzhong Zhang, Yang Fang, Anlin Zhang, Youming Yu, Lina Liu, Siqi Huo, Xuesen Zeng, Hong Peng, Pingan Song
Summary: This study proposes a new surface modification strategy by synthesizing a Schiff base-coated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) to improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The addition of MAPP enhances the mechanical properties of UPR and inhibits heat and smoke release during combustion. The results show that MAPP is an efficient flame retardant for UPR and has potential applications in various industries.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Naici Bing, Jie Yang, Huan Gao, Huaqing Xie, Wei Yu
Summary: This research presents a simple and practical strategy to prepare flexible poly (ethylene glycol) form-stable phase change materials (FSPCMs) using cross-linked unsaturated polyester resin and expanded graphite (EG) as thermal conductivity additive, showing excellent stability and thermal reliability. The FSPCMs doped with EG have high efficiency of photo-thermal conversion and significantly higher thermal conductivity compared to regular PEG, leading to substantial time savings during heating and cooling processes. The use of unsaturated polyester resin in FSPCMs provides potential for enhanced thermal conductivity in practical solar thermal applications.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
W. S. Jennifer Li, Florian Cuminet, Vincent Ladmiral, Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes, Sylvain Caillol, Claire Negrell
Summary: Phosphonic groups were added to cardanol to create effective adhesion promoters for different surfaces, leading to improved adhesion effectiveness of coatings. The development of a phosphonic latex through miniemulsion radical copolymerization successfully increased the hydrophobic properties of the coatings.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Lifei Feng, Ran Li, Han Yang, Shanwei Chen, Wenbin Yang
Summary: A method of reinforcing and toughening unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) with a hyperbranched polyester (HBP-1) was reported. The results showed that HBP-1 enhanced the thermostability and mechanical properties of UPR.
Article
Polymer Science
Kewei Ren, Yunting Tsai
Summary: Unsaturated polyester resin (UP) mixed with hardeners exhibited thermal runaway reactions, which were studied to prevent UP explosion. Results showed that a mixing proportion of 3:1 provided a safer polymerization process for UP.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kamila Salasinska, Maciej Celinski, Kamila Mizera, Mateusz Barczewski, Pawel Kozikowski, Michal K. Leszczynski, Agata Domanska
Summary: This study investigated the fire behavior of unsaturated polyester resin modified with a novel intumescent fire retardant. The addition of the fire retardant resulted in the formation of carbonaceous char, inhibiting thermal decomposition, burning rate, and smoke emission. The most promising results were obtained for the resin containing 30 wt. % of the fire retardant, showing a significant reduction in heat release rate and smoke release compared to unmodified polymer, although water resistance was a concern.
Article
Polymer Science
Fukai Chu, Xia Zhou, Xiaowei Mu, Yulu Zhu, Wei Cai, Yifan Zhou, Zhoumei Xu, Bin Zou, Zhenzhen Mi, Weizhao Hu
Summary: This study analyzes the effect of different valence states in phosphorus structures on the thermal stability, pyrolysis kinetics, and flame retardancy of unsaturated polyester resin. The findings suggest that the valence state of phosphorus directly impacts the combustion behavior and flame retardancy of UPR.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Moritz Stuck, Irina Krenz, Benedikt Schulze Koekelsum, Susanne Boye, Brigitte Voit, Reinhard Lorenz
Summary: The study focused on the influence of different curing conditions and styrene concentrations on the resin properties, demonstrating that the Tg of the network can be increased by applying new thermal curing profiles and increasing the styrene content. Additionally, the partial substitution of problematic styrene with substances like maleic anhydride was found to significantly improve the reactivity and mechanical properties of the resin.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Changqing Liu, Wei Yu, Jiawei Yang, Yuan Zhang, Huaqing Xie
Summary: A novel elastomeric thermal interface material PEG/UPR/G was designed in this study, which utilizes the phase transformation of PEG to reduce TCR. Results showed that TCR could be significantly reduced with increasing pressure and temperature, ultimately affecting the total thermal resistance and steady-state temperature.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Textiles
Peiyi Zhao, Fang Xu, Tiandong Huang, Peng Wang, Guangxian Zhang
Summary: A novel flame retardant TPHTDEAT was synthesized and characterized. The TPHTDEAT-treated cotton fabrics showed excellent flame retardancy and durability. The introduction of phosphonate groups into the flame retardant molecules significantly improved the flame retardancy and durability of the treated cotton fabrics.
JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Fukai Chu, Shuilai Qiu, Shenghe Zhang, Zhoumei Xu, Yifan Zhou, Xiaoyu Luo, Xin Jiang, Lei Song, Weizhao Hu, Yuan Hu
Summary: The lack of research on structure-activity relationship and interaction mechanism between unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) and flame retardants has posed challenges for developing high-efficiency flame retardants in industry. This study synthesized various polymeric flame retardants and evaluated their thermal stabilities, uncovering the interaction mechanisms and rules for improving flame retardancy of UPR composites. Key findings included the role of gaseous phase flame retardant mechanism and the effectiveness of phosphorus structures and sulfone groups in enhancing flame retardant efficiency.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Jin-Hyeok Park, Seok-Ju Kim, Tae-Gyeong Eom, Minyoung Seo, Young-Gi Song, Feng Tang, Young Gyu Jeong
Summary: This article investigates the impact of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanofillers on the properties of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and demonstrates that RGO can enhance thermal stability, mechanical modulus, and glass transition-related properties.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Abdoul Faycal Baguian, Salifou Koucka Ouiminga, Claire Longuet, Anne-Sophie Caro-Bretelle, Stephane Corn, Antoine Bere, Rodolphe Sonnier
Summary: The fire behavior of flexible polyurethane foams was studied using a cone calorimeter, showing different heat release rate curves for thin and thick foams, as well as a constant collapse rate for all thicknesses. The recession rate of the front was calculated, with values remaining relatively constant due to low heat conductivity preventing heat transfer, and the collapse being controlled by cell walls' rigidity.
Article
Polymer Science
H. Mastori, R. Sonnier, L. Ferry, M. Coutin
Summary: In this study, the flammability of Kyowaglas was experimentally characterized, showing that lead can accelerate the decomposition of PMMA and accumulate on the surface, providing significant thermal stability and slowing down heat transfer during combustion.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Romain Meinier, Mahdi Fellah, Rodolphe Sonnier, Pascal Zavaleta, Sylvain Suard, Laurent Ferry
Summary: The ignition of four different PVC-based electric cables was studied, revealing that lower heat flux resulted in higher char amount at ignition. Despite char formation, Quintiere's equation can still accurately calculate the ignition time of the cables, with an apparent temperature ranging from 312°C to 349°C.
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Robert Chapple, Baljinder K. Kandola, Peter Myler, Laurent Ferry, Jose-Marie Lopez-Cuesta, Carine Chivas-Joly, Emmajane L. Erskine
Summary: A novel laboratory scale testing equipment combining impact and heat/fire conditions has been developed to test composite laminates and capture debris, findings show that heating exposure time affects damage type and particle quality.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Robert Chapple, Carine Chivas-Joly, Ozge Kose, Emmajane L. Erskine, Laurent Ferry, Jose-Marie Lopez-Cuesta, Baljinder K. Kandola, Valerie Forest
Summary: This study investigated the effects of particles released from carbon fiber-reinforced composites made from graphene oxide-reinforced epoxy resin under simultaneous impact and fire conditions. The particles were found to not be cytotoxic but could induce inflammation and oxidative stress responses. However, increased cytotoxicity was observed under certain conditions, potentially due to fiber diameter reduction.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Mathieu Vangrevelynghe, Lucie Le Nouvel, Cecile Pesenti, Rodolphe Sonnier, Laurent Ferry, Emmanuelle Gesta, Christian Lagreve
Summary: This study explores the assessment of the modes of action of flame retardants and their quantification. By combining different flammability tests, relations were proposed to calculate key parameters and evaluate flame retardant efficiency. The results suggest potential synergies or antagonisms between different flame retardants, challenging some previously held conclusions.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Rodolphe Sonnier, Oumaima Belkhane, Laurent Ferry, Laurent Aprin, Pierre Delot, Coralie Garcia, Arthur Hellouin de Menibus, Helene Lenormand, Marc Potin
Summary: Greenhouse gas emissions from cement manufacturing account for 8 to 10 percent of total CO2 emissions worldwide. Researchers are developing new concrete manufacturing techniques and processes to reduce these emissions. Biobased concretes are eco-friendly and can act as insulating materials for the building industry. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the combustion and heat release of these plant-based fillers during fires.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Raymond Hajj, Raphael Brunel, Rodolphe Sonnier, Claire Longuet, Francois Ganachaud
Summary: Two types of fillers, silica powder and silicon-carbonoxide (SiOC) ceramic, were prepared by controlled pyrolysis of a commercial silicone elastomer. These fillers were incorporated into silicone gum to prepare new silicone materials. Silica powder allowed control over the mechanical properties, while the ceramic enhanced thermal stability. The combination of both fillers resulted in materials with joint properties. Cone calorimetry testing showed that these silicone materials exhibited improved flame resistance compared to commercial silica-filled elastomers.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Thibaut Lalire, Belkacem Otazaghine, Aurelie Taguet, Claire Longuet
Summary: This study focused on controlling the physical and chemical structures of graphene and graphite through different chemical modifications, affecting their electrical properties. Various methods such as oxidation, copolymer functionalization, and reduction were utilized to modify the materials, followed by characterization using various analytical techniques.
Article
Polymer Science
Charlotte Campana, Romain Leger, Rodolphe Sonnier, Patrick Ienny, Laurent Ferry
Summary: This study investigates the effects of flame retardants on water sensitivity and the impact of water absorption on fire behavior and mechanical performance of biocomposites. The results show that DOPO flame retardant increases the equilibrium water content, while AlPi does not significantly affect water sensitivity. Mechanical properties are influenced by moisture content, and only the highest water contents modify the fire behavior.
Article
Environmental Sciences
R. Chapple, C. Chivas-Joly, J-C Roux, L. Dumazert, L. Ferry, J-M Lopez-Cuesta, E. L. Erskine, B. K. Kandola
Summary: This study investigated the aerosols emitted from carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composites (CFC) incorporating nanomaterials (nanoclays and nanotubes) during simultaneous fire and impact tests. The methodology used collected particles released from the impacted composites and effluents. The aerosols emitted were characterized using various devices, and the influence of the nanoadditives on the airborne particles produced was studied.
Article
Ecology
Rodolphe Sonnier, Loic Dumazert, Mathieu Vangrevelynghe, Clement Brendle, Laurent Ferry
Summary: Smoke production in a smoke chamber is influenced by the accumulation of smoke and continuous oxygen consumption, but a method using material properties calculated from a cone calorimeter can predict smoke evolution. The properties indicate a material's capability to produce smoke at a specific mass loss rate, and the effect of flame retardants on these properties can measure their impact on smoke production. Although knowing the curve of mass loss rate = f(time) in a smoke chamber is necessary, it closely resembles that measured in a cone calorimeter at the same heat flux. The similarity between smoke production in a smoke chamber and cone calorimeter is qualitatively demonstrated, with oxygen content reduction in the smoke chamber having no influence on smoke until the optical density exceeds 800.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
C. Chivas-Joly, C. Longuet, L. Leclerc, G. Sarry, V. Forest, J. -M. Lopez-Cuesta, J. Pourchez
Summary: Thermal degradation of PP/PA blends and ternary nanocomposites containing ZnO or TiO2 nanoparticles were studied through a lab-scale incineration process. The presence of nanoparticles did not alter the decomposition pathway of polymer blends, but nanoparticles were detected in the residual ash and soot. The cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses were increased in the presence of carbonaceous nanoparticles and charred surrounding layers of nanoparticles.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-NANO
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
R. Chapple, L. Ferry, J-M Lopez-Cuesta, C. Chivas-Joly, E. L. Erskine, B. K. Kandola
Summary: This study investigates the health risks of carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFCs) containing nanomaterials when exposed to heat/fire and impact. It is found that the presence of nanomaterials does not significantly affect the particle size distribution, but heat duration and fire do have noticeable effects.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-NANO
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Lea Floch, Bianca Da Cruz Chiochetta, Laurent Ferry, Didier Perrin, Patrick Ienny
Summary: The addition of sepiolite significantly improves the flame retardancy of PVA coatings by promoting the formation of a silico-phosphate structure and an effective thermal barrier layer. Sepiolite reduces layer expansion and greatly decreases the backside temperature during the initial exposure period, attributed to its high thermal stability and ability to dissipate heat by re-radiation.
JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Tetsu Sato, Mariko Takahashi, Takeshi Saito, Masahito Toyonaga, Itsuo Tanuma, Rie Yamada, Satoru Hosoda
Summary: An automatic evaluation system for photooxidation has been developed and successfully applied to assess the photo-OIT of LDPE samples containing photooxidation stabilizers. The system allows independent setting of various measurement conditions and provides detailed information on the photooxidation process.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Zongzheng Zuo, Shuxue Zhou
Summary: In this study, three fluoroalkyl trimethoxysilane (FATMS) additives with different chain lengths were incorporated into a two-component polyurethane clearcoat to improve its hydrophobic durability. The coatings modified with FATMS maintained their surface hydrophobicity under various conditions, but quickly lost it when exposed to both UV irradiation and/or high temperature with water. The results suggest that the FATMS route is more suitable for indoor applications at room temperature.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Song Li, Feng Zhao, Xueya Wang, Zhihua Liu, Jingze Guo, Yutong Li, Shuangmei Tan, Zhenxiang Xin, Shuai Zhao, Lin Li
Summary: Green flame retardants have garnered attention for their environmental friendliness, but current options fall short in achieving high flame retardancy for flammable polymers and maintaining environmental protection. This study takes a two-pronged approach to address flame retardants and the flame-retardant process. An eco-friendly bio-based synergistic flame retardant (PAU), synthesized using phytic acid (PA) and urea (U), is used to create a flame retardant coating that can be directly applied to any surface shape using polydopamine as an adhesive. The resulting EPS-PAU exhibits excellent flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and light weight while only slightly increasing the density.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2024)
