Article
Polymer Science
Takehiro Fujii, Hideo Hirabayashi, Yuichi Matsui, Kazushisa Igawa, Hidekazu Honma, Kazushi Yamada
Summary: The degradation of PE-RT pipes was studied, revealing that water pressure accelerates the degradation process. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral studies show similar results to traditional I-OIT measurements. This fluorescence-based method is simple, does not require sample pretreatment, and can be completed within a few minutes.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2021)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Nicola Lancioni, Marco Parlapiano, Massimiliano Sgroi, Luca Giorgi, Vieri Fusi, Giovanna Darvini, Luciano Soldini, Bartosz Szel, Anna Laura Eusebi, Francesco Fatone
Summary: Polyethylene (PE) pipes, widely used in drinking water distribution systems worldwide, have been found to have reduced lifetimes when exposed to drinking water with chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Though new PE pipes with improved resistance to ClO2 have been proposed, a standardized test method for evaluating their long-term performances is still missing. This literature review explores the uses of chlorine dioxide and the degradation mechanisms of polyethylene pipes, as well as various accelerated aging methods used to evaluate their performances. It is concluded that pressurized looping tests applying semi-realistic operational conditions may better replicate aging mechanisms observed in service. However, accurately determining the acceleration and evaluation of long-term performance remains challenging, requiring further experimentation to establish correlations between chemical-mechanical characterization parameters and the lifetime of PE pipes in service.
Article
Polymer Science
Q. Deshoulles, M. Le Gall, S. Benali, J-M Raquez, C. Dreanno, M. Arhant, D. Priour, S. Cerantola, G. Stoclet, P. Y. Le Gac
Summary: This paper investigates the long-term behavior of PBAT under hydrolytic aging conditions. It is found that PBAT undergoes hydrolysis, resulting in a decrease in molar mass, increased crystallinity ratio, and decreased amorphous layer thickness. The mechanical behavior of the polymer transitions from ductile to brittle as aging duration increases, reaching a critical molar mass of PBAT below 11 kg/mol.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Gernot Oreski, Bettina Ottersboeck, Chiara Barretta, Petra Christoefl, Simone Radl, Gerald Pinter
Summary: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films are widely used due to their mechanical strength, thermal and chemical stability, and barrier properties. However, hydrolysis leading to embrittlement is a major concern. This study aimed to quantify molar mass changes in PET after accelerated aging using thermal and mechanical methods.
Article
Polymer Science
Zois Tsinas, Sara Orski, Viviana R. C. Bentley, Lorelis Gonzalez Lopez, Mohamad Al-Sheikhly, Amanda L. Forster
Summary: This study investigates the chemical degradation and physical changes of thermally aged UHMMPE fibers, aiming to improve the lightweight and soft UHMMPE inserts used in ballistic-resistant body armor. The results demonstrate a decrease in the molar mass of the fibers and changes in their crystalline morphology, which negatively affect their performance.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Xiao-Lei Yang, Sheng-Hui Wang, Yi Gong, Zhen-Guo Yang
Summary: This study reveals that the abnormal leakage of buried HDPE pipes is caused by the biological degradation by termites. Systematic analyses on both mechanical properties and chemical structure were conducted to figure out the root cause of the failure in the absence of obvious third-party interference.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Guiwei Li, Yuliang Su, Bin Wu, Qi Chen, Jianwei Yu, Min Yang, Baoyou Shi
Summary: The type and dose of disinfectants affect the formation of MnOx deposits in pipes. Chlorination leads to MnOx accumulation, while chloramination has almost no accumulation. Low dose of free chlorine also reduces Mn deposit formation. Biotic Mn(II) oxidation occurs when disinfection is discontinued, and it is inhibited again when disinfection is resumed.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Daniela H. Marin, Joseph T. Perryman, McKenzie A. Hubert, Grace A. Lindquist, Lihaokun Chen, Ashton M. Aleman, Gaurav A. Kamat, Valerie A. Niemann, Michaela Burke Stevens, Yagya N. Regmi, Shannon W. Boettcher, Adam C. Nielander, Thomas F. Jaramillo
Summary: Generation of H2 and O2 from untreated water sources is a promising alternative to ultrapure water required in contemporary proton exchange membrane-based electrolysis. Bipolar membrane-based devices, commonly used in electrodialysis and CO2 electrolysis, can enable impure water electrolysis by mediating ion transport and creating favorable microenvironments. This study demonstrates the application of bipolar membrane electrolyzers in direct seawater electrolysis, which effectively mitigates the oxidation of Cl- and enables longer-term seawater electrolysis compared to proton exchange membrane assemblies.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jordin Metz, Pengxiao Zuo, Bo Wang, Michael S. Wong, Pedro J. J. Alvarez
Summary: Combining ultraviolet light and chlorine can enhance the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a type of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS). This method not only increases the removal rate of PFOA, but also generates a significant amount of fluoride. Radical scavenger tests confirmed the important role of Cl· and Cl-2(·) in the degradation process.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Clement Freymond, Alain Guinault, Carole Charbuillet, Bruno Fayolle
Summary: The thermal degradation of post-consumed ABS/HIPS and PP/PE blends from waste electrical and electronic equipment was investigated by multiple extrusions for recycling purposes. The molar mass, melt flow index, and ultimate elongation of the recycled blends were evaluated as a function of extrusion cycles. The results revealed a similar degradation mechanism for both ABS/HIPS and PP/PE blends, with ABS/HIPS exhibiting higher thermomechanical resistance. An innovative embrittlement criterion based on MFI measurements was proposed for the analysis of post-consumed polymer blends.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Haiou Qu, William C. Smith, Xin Feng, Jiang Wang, Julia Pinto, Xiaoming Xu, Patrick J. Faustino
Summary: An asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) method was used to characterize high molar mass polyethylene oxide (HM-PEO) and it was found that PEO is sensitive to thermal stress, with decreased molar mass after heat exposure.
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Taesik Kim, Suleyman Deveci, Inmo Yang, Bob Stakenborghs, Sunwoong Choi
Summary: This study investigates the characteristic window patterns and quantifies the area fraction of windows in PE pipes. Tensile tests reveal that fracture strain rapidly degrades above a critical limit of window percentage. Micro-tensile and micro-indentation results indicate that tear initiation occurs at the window-black PE matrix boundary. A method of making thin shavings of a whole pipe cross section is developed, and the best viewing windows are identified. Phased array ultrasonic testing and microwave imaging directly confirm the presence and patterns of the windows in the pipes.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Abhijeet Mohanty, Rajani Kumar Borah, Adarsh P. Fatrekar, Saravanan Krishnan, Amit A. Vernekar
Summary: The extensive use of plastic and the lack of efficient degradation methods have raised concerns about its impact on the environment. With the increased plastic waste generation during the COVID-19 pandemic, alternative sustainable solutions are being developed to address this issue and reduce environmental risks.
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Haipei Wang, Bing Wang, Yi Peng, John C. C. Crittenden, Haifeng Pan, Lixin Wang
Summary: This study proposed an improved residual chlorine decay model in the UV/Cl-2 process and confirmed the optimal residual chlorine concentration, UV dose, and hydraulic retention time in the pipe network. Additionally, an additional decay model was established by UV irradiation, and the calibration results indicated the accuracy of the model.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Janez Zavasnik, Andreja Sestan, Sreco Skapin
Summary: The study found that asbestos fibers may be emitted from deteriorated AC pipes due to wall softening caused by calcium leaching. The interaction of calcite scaling and Ca leaching in the conveyance of hard water through the pipes results in the emission of fibers into the drinking water.
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Eeva Mofakhami, Sylvie Tence-Girault, Jonathan Perrin, Mario Scheel, Laurent Gervat, Cristian Ovalle, Lucien Laiarinandrasana, Bruno Fayolle, Guillaume Miquelard-Garnier
Article
Polymer Science
Octavie Okamba-Diogo, Francois Fernagut, Jean Guilment, Frederique Pery, Bruno Fayolle, Emmanuel Richaud
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2020)
Article
Polymer Science
Pierre-Yves Le Gac, Pierre-Antoine Albouy, Bruno Fayolle, Jacques Verdu
Summary: The study investigates the fatigue life of unfilled polychloroprene rubber under different conditions and network structures, revealing that an increase in crosslink density leads to a decrease in fatigue life in unfilled elastomers. A theoretical energetic approach can predict fatigue lifetime in fully relaxing conditions, while an empirical relationship is proposed for non-relaxing conditions to link fatigue life to the crosslink density of rubber.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
R. Kadri, M. Nait Abdelaziz, B. Fayolle, M. Ben Hassine, J. F. Witz
Summary: This study examines the impact of aging on mechanical properties of rubber materials, with modifications to the rubber network structure through crosslinking and chain scission mechanisms. A predictive mechanical tool based on an hyperelastic constitutive model coupled with physical-chemical parameters was proposed to estimate mechanical properties. Relevant indicators of damage for crosslinking or chain scission processes, such as elastically active chains concentrations and swelling rate, were introduced as damage parameters in the mechanical modeling, leading to satisfactory predictions of mechanical behavior and stress-strain estimates at break.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOLIDS AND STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Clement Freymond, Alain Guinault, Carole Charbuillet, Bruno Fayolle
Summary: The thermal degradation of post-consumed ABS/HIPS and PP/PE blends from waste electrical and electronic equipment was investigated by multiple extrusions for recycling purposes. The molar mass, melt flow index, and ultimate elongation of the recycled blends were evaluated as a function of extrusion cycles. The results revealed a similar degradation mechanism for both ABS/HIPS and PP/PE blends, with ABS/HIPS exhibiting higher thermomechanical resistance. An innovative embrittlement criterion based on MFI measurements was proposed for the analysis of post-consumed polymer blends.
Article
Polymer Science
Antoine Bardin, Pierre-Yves Le Gac, Pierre-Antoine Albouy, Herve Bindi, Bruno Fayolle
Summary: By tuning the hydrolysis duration of PEBA, specimens with different macromolecular structures were produced. The impact of phase interconnection changes on strain-induced crystallization (SIC) was studied for a given hard phase structure. The correlation between stress and crystallinity induced under strain was highlighted regardless of the number of chain scissions.
Article
Polymer Science
Sabrina Taourit, Pierre-Yves Le Gac, Bruno Fayolle
Summary: In this study, the impact of chain scission on the tensile properties of elastomers was investigated by aging a polyester-based polyurethane in seawater at different temperatures. The results showed that hydrolysis caused chain scission within the polymer network, leading to changes in the tensile properties. During aging, the stress at break decreased gradually, while the strain at break initially increased and then decreased when the crosslink density was below a critical value. The relationships between the average crosslink density and the ultimate properties were proposed based on the experimental findings.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
S. Lottier, S. Tence-Girault, L. Gervat, N. Saintier, G. Miquelard-Garnier, B. Fayolle
Summary: This study systematically investigates for the first time the effect of hydrolysis and oxidation on the fatigue life of Polyamide 6,6 reinforced with 30 wt% glass fibers. It is found that hydrolysis causes chemical changes throughout the sample, while oxidation effects are localized in a near-surface layer. The fatigue life is significantly decreased with ageing in both cases. The decrease in fatigue life for oxidized samples can be explained by the existence of a brittle layer that does not sustain any stress.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Clement Freymond, Xavier Mackre-Delannoy, Alain Guinault, Carole Charbuillet, Bruno Fayolle
Summary: The accelerated thermal ageing of ABS films was investigated to determine the cause of their ductile/brittle transition during exposure. Chain scission occurring in the SAN phase was found to be the main process responsible for ABS embrittlement.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Gwladys Lesimple, Ilias Iliopoulos, Jean-Baptiste Marijon, Bruno Fayolle
Summary: PEKK is gaining attention for composites in the aeronautical field. This study provides water transport parameters for PEKK in amorphous and semicrystalline states, including water diffusivity and solubility. Comparisons with PEEK suggest that PEKK absorbs more water due to its polarity.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Caroline Vibert, Bruno Fayolle, Denise Ricard, Anne-Laurence Dupont
Summary: In order to investigate the combined effects of water and oxygen on the degradation of permanent paper in specific climate conditions, accelerated aging experiments were conducted under three different conditions: humid air, humid nitrogen, and dry air. The degradation state of the paper was evaluated using various techniques, revealing that the cellulose scission rate of the Canson (R) permanent paper was reduced compared to the Whatman No. 40 acidic cotton paper used as a reference. This reduction was attributed to a lower acidification and inhibiting acid-catalyzed hydrolysis due to the presence of alkaline reserve.
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
(2023)
Article
Optics
M. Ayad, S. Uenaldi, M. Scius-Bertrand, C. Le Bras, B. Fayolle, L. Berthe
Summary: This study investigates the behavior of Aluminium tape under high strain rate using laser shock. High power laser is used to create laser shock on the tape, and material models are used to simulate the response. The study also examines the effect of adhesive thickness on the transmitted pressure and the location of maximum tensile stress within the tape. It is found that increasing the adhesive thickness can result in the maximum tensile zone appearing close to the front face.
OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
C. Le Bras, C. Fosse, L. Delbreilh, M. Gervais, M. Ayad, A. Soumaila Sounakoye, L. Berthe, S. Valadon, B. Fayolle
Summary: This study investigates the mechanical behavior of polycarbonate and polydimethylsiloxane (Sylgard184) under laser shock conditions. The results show that Sylgard184 exhibits glassy behavior under laser shock conditions, while polycarbonate does not show significant changes in behavior. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) measurements further characterize the flow behavior of the polymer chains under extreme conditions.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Sylvie Tence-Girault, Jonathan Quibel, Alexis Cherri, Sebastien Roland, Bruno Fayolle, Stephane Bizet, Ilias Iliopoulos
Summary: PEKK, a semicrystalline polymer, is crucial for applications in aerospace, transportation, electronics, and oil & gas industries due to its properties like thermomechanical and chemical stability linked to its crystalline state. This study proposes a methodology to control and quantify the crystalline state of PEKK by analyzing small-angle X-ray scattering, wide-angle X-ray scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry data. The evolution of crystalline forms and total crystallinity with different crystallization temperatures were discussed, and the melting enthalpy of a 100% crystallized PEKK copolymer was estimated.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Sebastien Roland, Mahdi Moghaddam, Sylvie Tence-Girault, Bruno Fayolle
Summary: The thermo-oxidative behavior and structural changes of PEKK films in solid state were investigated in this study. Long-term aging affects the mechanical properties of PEKK samples, potentially leading to embrittlement and modifications in the crystalline morphology.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Tetsu Sato, Mariko Takahashi, Takeshi Saito, Masahito Toyonaga, Itsuo Tanuma, Rie Yamada, Satoru Hosoda
Summary: An automatic evaluation system for photooxidation has been developed and successfully applied to assess the photo-OIT of LDPE samples containing photooxidation stabilizers. The system allows independent setting of various measurement conditions and provides detailed information on the photooxidation process.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Zongzheng Zuo, Shuxue Zhou
Summary: In this study, three fluoroalkyl trimethoxysilane (FATMS) additives with different chain lengths were incorporated into a two-component polyurethane clearcoat to improve its hydrophobic durability. The coatings modified with FATMS maintained their surface hydrophobicity under various conditions, but quickly lost it when exposed to both UV irradiation and/or high temperature with water. The results suggest that the FATMS route is more suitable for indoor applications at room temperature.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Song Li, Feng Zhao, Xueya Wang, Zhihua Liu, Jingze Guo, Yutong Li, Shuangmei Tan, Zhenxiang Xin, Shuai Zhao, Lin Li
Summary: Green flame retardants have garnered attention for their environmental friendliness, but current options fall short in achieving high flame retardancy for flammable polymers and maintaining environmental protection. This study takes a two-pronged approach to address flame retardants and the flame-retardant process. An eco-friendly bio-based synergistic flame retardant (PAU), synthesized using phytic acid (PA) and urea (U), is used to create a flame retardant coating that can be directly applied to any surface shape using polydopamine as an adhesive. The resulting EPS-PAU exhibits excellent flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and light weight while only slightly increasing the density.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2024)
