Inflammation-induced fetal growth restriction in rats is associated with increased placental HIF-1α accumulation

Introduction Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1 alpha) is the oxygen-sensitive subunit of the transcription factor HIF-1, and its expression is increased in placentas from pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia (PE). Fetal growth restriction (FGR) and PE often share a common pathophysiology; however, it is unknown whether increased placental HIF-1 alpha occurs in FGR. We previously demonstrated that aberrant maternal inflammation in rats resulted in altered utero-placental perfusion and FGR, both of which were prevented by administration of the nitric oxide mimetic glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Our aim here was to determine whether abnormal maternal inflammation causing FGR is linked to placental HIF-1 alpha accumulation and whether GTN administration could prevent increases in placental HIF-1 alpha. Methods Levels of inflammatory factors in maternal plasma were measured using a multiplex assay after an injection of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to rats on gestational day (GD) 13.5. Following three additional daily LPS injections from GD14.5-16.5, GD17.5 placentas were harvested for HIF-1 alpha immunolocalisation; serial sections were also stained for the hypoxia marker pimonidazole. A subset of rats received LPS injections along with GTN delivered continuously (25 mu g/h via a transdermal patch) on GD12.5-GD17.5. Results Within two hours of LPS administration, levels of maternal pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased compared with saline-treated controls. GD17.5 placentas of growth-restricted fetuses exhibited increased HIF-1 alpha accumulation; however, this did not correlate with pimonidazole staining for which no differences were observed between groups. Furthermore, the LPS-mediated increases in maternal inflammatory cytokine levels and placental HIF-1 alpha accumulation did not occur in rats treated with GTN. Discussion Our results demonstrate that inflammation-induced FGR is associated with increased placental HIF-1 alpha accumulation; however, expression of this transcription factor may not correlate with regions of hypoxia in late-gestation placentas. The GTN-mediated attenuation of placental HIF-1 alpha accumulation in LPS-treated rats provides insight into the mechanism by which GTN improves inflammation-induced complications of pregnancy.