Journal
PLOS ONE
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030719
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Funding
- Medical Research Council
- British Heart Foundation
- Stroke Association
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [HL36310]
- National Institute on Aging [AG13196]
- Academy of Finland [124271, 124322, 129264, 132944]
- EU
- BUPA Foundation, UK
- MRC [G0902037] Funding Source: UKRI
- British Heart Foundation [RG/07/008/23674] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [G0100222, G8802774, G0902037, G19/35] Funding Source: researchfish
- Academy of Finland (AKA) [129264, 129264] Funding Source: Academy of Finland (AKA)
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Background: The association between overtime work and depression is still unclear. This study examined the association between overtime work and the onset of a major depressive episode (MDE). Methodology/Principal Findings: Prospective cohort study with a baseline examination of working hours, psychological morbidity (an indicator of baseline depression) and depression risk factors in 1991-1993 and a follow-up of major depressive episode in 1997-1999 (mean follow-up 5.8 years) among British civil servants (the Whitehall II study; 1626 men, 497 women, mean age 47 years at baseline). Onset of 12-month MDE was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) at follow-up. In prospective analysis of participants with no psychological morbidity at baseline, the odds ratio for a subsequent major depressive episode was 2.43 (95% confidence interval 1.11 to 5.30) times higher for those working 11+ hours a day compared to employees working 7-8 hours a day, when adjusted for socio-demographic factors at baseline. Further adjustment for chronic physical disease, smoking, alcohol use, job strain and work-related social support had little effect on this association (odds ratio 2.52; 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 5.65). Conclusions/Significance: Data from middle-aged civil servants suggest that working long hours of overtime may predispose to major depressive episodes.
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