Journal
PLOS ONE
Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031236
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Funding
- Erwin Schrodinger postdoctoral fellowship from the FWF Austrian Science Fund
- NSF [IBN-021795, IBN-0843712]
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Dwight W. and Blanche Faye Reeder Centennial Fellowship in Systematic and Evolutionary Biology
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [P 22737] Funding Source: researchfish
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems [0843712] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The factors promoting the evolution of parental care strategies have been extensively studied in experiment and theory. However, most attempts to examine parental care in an evolutionary context have evaluated broad taxonomic categories. The explosive and recent diversifications of East African cichlid fishes offer exceptional opportunities to study the evolution of various life history traits based on species-level phylogenies. The Xenotilapia lineage within the endemic Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Ectodini comprises species that display either biparental or maternal only brood care and hence offers a unique opportunity to study the evolution of distinct parental care strategies in a phylogenetic framework. In order to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships among 16 species of this lineage we scored 2,478 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) across the genome. We find that the Ectodini genus Enantiopus is embedded within the genus Xenotilapia and that during 2.5 to 3 million years of evolution within the Xenotilapia clade there have been 3-5 transitions from maternal only to biparental care. While most previous models suggest that uniparental care (maternal or paternal) arose from biparental care, we conclude from our species-level analysis that the evolution of parental care strategies is not only remarkably fast, but much more labile than previously expected.
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