Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Erika Montana, Daniel S. Nagin, Roland Neil, Robert J. Sampson
Summary: Risk assessment instruments (RAIs) are widely used in various fields, but they often assume a time-invariant relationship between predictors and outcome, leading to cohort bias. Through a longitudinal study, we find that regardless of model type or predictor sets, a tool trained on older birth cohorts systematically over-predicts the likelihood of arrest for younger birth cohorts between 1995 and 2020. Cohort bias exists for all racial groups and high-risk arrest groups. These findings highlight the underappreciated impact of cohort bias on inequality in the criminal legal system and the challenges it poses to risk assessment instruments.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Joseph Cesario
Summary: This article questions the widespread use of experimental social psychology in understanding real-world group disparities, pointing out three inherent flaws in this approach.
BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Mai Nguyen-Phuong-Mai
Summary: This paper explores bias strategies using a change management framework, drawing insights from successful interventions in various fields to translate into changes in behavior; it emphasizes the importance of investing in a comprehensive and proactive bias strategy approach to eliminate biased social environments; and suggests future studies focus on empowering individuals as change agents to regulate biased thoughts and behaviors.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Agnieszka Czaplicka, Christos Charalambous, Raul Toral, Maxi San Miguel
Summary: This study explores the dynamics of the voter model in the presence of confidence and bias. Analytical and numerical methods are used to investigate the impact of biased voters and their connectivity on the time and probability of achieving consensus. The findings suggest that the time to consensus increases with the fraction of biased voters and the degree of bias. Furthermore, different strategies for generating random network topologies can significantly affect the efficiency of reaching consensus and the influence of biased groups.
CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Claude Messner, Mattia Carnelli, Patrick Stefan Hohener
Summary: The cheerleader effect describes the phenomenon where faces are perceived as more attractive when surrounded by other faces. This effect can be explained by four theories, involving visual memory processes and comparison processes.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Devin A. A. Bowes, Erin M. M. Driver, Sonja Savic, Qiwen Cheng, Corrie M. M. Whisner, Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown, Rolf U. U. Halden
Summary: This study demonstrates that wastewater-based epidemiology can be used for near real-time population dietary assessments, providing a promising tool for actionable and cost-effective data collection to support public health nutrition at the population scale.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Candice Howarth, David Viner
Summary: The delivery of effective climate adaptation on the ground requires better incorporation of climate adaptation practitioners into the process of producing, gathering, and synthesizing evidence on adaptation as part of the IPCC process. An analysis of IPCC reports shows that while there has been an increase in practitioner representation in AR6, it remains low. This low representation can impact readership and the potential for informing climate adaptation practice.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY
(2022)
Article
Oncology
T. Samaille, C. Moreau Bachelard, E. Coquan, P. du Rusquec, X. Paoletti, C. Le Tourneau
Summary: By assessing the impact of the timing of tumor assessments on median PFS in control arms without any active treatment, this study demonstrated the existence of potential evaluation-time bias in clinical research.
Article
Ecology
Susumu Chiba, Aya Iwamoto, Seina Shimabukuro, Hiroyuki Matsumoto, Karin Inoue
Summary: Adult sex ratio (ASR) is crucial for population management, but its impact on population dynamics is still not well understood. This study investigated the effect of biased ASR on reproductive success in a decapod crustacean. The results showed that an increase in the proportion of males in mating groups led to a decrease in the number of eggs carried by females. This negative effect of ASR was observed at the population level when considering spawning success. Additionally, a male-biased ASR was found to reduce genetic diversity in the population. These findings highlight the importance of considering ASR in population management strategies.
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Clinical
Jordon Mathers-Jones, Jemma Todd
Summary: Climate change poses a serious threat to human health, resulting in eco-anxiety as a rational and potentially adaptive response. However, eco-anxiety does not always lead to adaptive behavior. This study investigated the role of selective attention towards climate-related information in explaining this inconsistency. Results showed that eco-anxiety and attentional bias independently predicted behavior, but attentional bias variability moderated the relationship between eco-anxiety and behavior.
JOURNAL OF ANXIETY DISORDERS
(2023)
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Xinwei Hua, Emily W. Lopes, Kristin E. Burke, Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan, James M. Richter, Chun-Han Lo, Paul Lochhead, Andrew T. Chan, Hamed Khalili
Summary: The study found that a significant proportion of patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis continued to smoke after diagnosis. The study also showed that smoking cessation around the time of diagnosis was associated with a significant reduction in mortality.
JOURNAL OF CROHNS & COLITIS
(2022)
Article
Biology
Jianguo Chen, Xufang Chen, Lishen Qian, Yazhou Zhang, Bo Li, Honghua Shi, Lu Sun, Christian Schob, Hang Sun
Summary: Foundational cushion plants play a crucial role in maintaining alpine biodiversity and community structures. However, they are vulnerable to climate change. The population dynamics of the cushion plant Arenaria polytrichoides are influenced by ecological constraints and climate warming, which may result in significant changes in alpine plant communities.
SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Liang Fang, Pierre Martre, Kaining Jin, Xinmiao Du, Peter E. L. van der Putten, Xinyou Yin, Paul C. Struik
Summary: Extreme climate events related to global climate change have become more frequent and intense in recent years. Understanding how plants adapt to these changes is crucial for their survival. This study found that plants acclimate more to drought than to changes in growth temperature, and that commonly used modeling approaches tend to overestimate leaf photosynthesis under variable temperature and drought conditions.
GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Rehabilitation
Susan Armijo-Olivo, Norazlin Mohamad, Ana Izabela Sobral de Oliveira-Souza, Ester Moreira de Castro-Carletti, Nikolaus Ballenberger, Jorge Fuentes
Summary: This article discusses biases in rehabilitation research, including intervention bias and detection bias. It provides strategies for identifying and mitigating the impact of biases, and encourages clinicians, researchers, and other stakeholders to apply these recommendations in rehabilitation trials.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE & REHABILITATION
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Mathematical
Francis L. Huang, Xintong Li
Summary: The study indicates that using small sample correction and empirically derived degrees of freedom estimates in cluster-randomized trials can produce unbiased results with acceptable error rates and coverage. Results suggest that coverage and error rates are largely influenced by the choice of degrees of freedom estimates, not just standard error adjustments.
BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS
(2022)
Article
Political Science
Matthew Lesch, Jim McCambridge
Summary: This study explores how horizontal policy transfer unfolds in the context of devolution, using the development of minimum unit pricing (MUP) legislation in Wales following Scotland's lead as a case study. The study highlights the significance of Welsh political institutions and their emphasis on participation and consultation in policymaking. It reveals a process of policy-oriented learning, where policymakers draw on diverse expertise and experiences, including the Scottish model, to develop effective policies. The study also emphasizes the role of the Welsh public health policy community in supporting the framing of MUP and overcoming policy capacity limitations. These findings have implications for future research on learning, devolution, and alcohol policy.
REGIONAL AND FEDERAL STUDIES
(2023)
Review
Substance Abuse
Jim McCambridge, Gemma Mitchell, Matthew Lesch, Andreas Filippou, Su Golder, Jack Garry, Andrew Bartlett, Mary Madden
Summary: This study explores the influence of the alcohol industry on public health sciences and policy-making. The findings highlight the contest between the research community and the alcohol industry in determining the use of science in policy-making. The study emphasizes the need for a transdisciplinary approach to understand corporate political activity and underscores the importance of reflexive public health sciences in alcohol policy.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Thomas Mills, Mary Madden, Duncan Stewart, Brendan Gough, Jim McCambridge
Summary: This study investigates the integration of clinical pharmacists in Primary Care Networks (PCNs) in England and finds that local organizational innovations and multi-professional decision-making play important roles in the implementation of the new policy. The study suggests that PCNs and clinical pharmacist workforce require time and support for successful role development.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jacques Gaume, Nicolas Bertholet, Jim McCambridge, Molly Magill, Angeline Adam, Olivier Hugli, Jean-Bernard Daeppen
Summary: This study aimed to test the effect of a newly developed brief motivational intervention on heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems among young adults in the emergency department. The randomized controlled trial found that the intervention group did not show an increase in heavy drinking days, while the control group did. This suggests that implementing motivational interventions in the emergency department has a positive effect on heavy drinking among young adults.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Katarina Ulfsdotter Gunnarsson, Jim McCambridge, Marcus Bendtsen
Summary: This study examined the reactions of control group participants in a digital alcohol intervention trial to two different presentations of basic health information. The results showed no significant differences in reactions between the two presentation formats. Participants expressed varying levels of interest and frustration. Follow-up data revealed that those who decided to reduce their drinking had lower alcohol consumption compared to those who continued to drink or gave up on the idea.
PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING
(2023)
Editorial Material
Substance Abuse
Jim Mccambridge
JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS
(2023)
Letter
Substance Abuse
Jim Mccambridge
JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jennifer Lacy-Nichols, Sulakshana Nandi, Melissa Mialon, Jim McCambridge, Kelley Lee, Alexandra Jones, Anna B. Gilmore, Sandro Galea, Cassandra de Lacy-Vawdon, Camila Maranha Paes de Carvalho, Fran Baum, Rob Moodie
Summary: Most public health research on the commercial determinants of health to date has focused on a narrow segment of commercial actors, primarily the transnational corporations producing tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed foods. However, there is a lack of clear frameworks for differentiating among commercial entities, hindering the governance of commercial interests in public health. This paper aims to develop a framework that enables meaningful distinctions among diverse commercial entities, allowing for a fuller consideration of their impact on health outcomes.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Mary Madden, Duncan Stewart, Thomas Mills, Jim McCambridge
Summary: The new structured medication review (SMR) service was introduced in England's National Health Service during the COVID-19 pandemic to address problematic polypharmacy through personalized medication reviews. Clinical pharmacists' perceptions of training needs and skills acquisition for person-centered consultation practice were investigated to understand their readiness for these roles.
Article
Substance Abuse
Andrew Bartlett, Jack Garry, Jim McCambridge
Summary: ARISE was formed by tobacco companies in the late 1980s to counter public health policy development. This study examines the alcohol content of ARISE and its contribution to the alcohol industry activities in the globalisation of the alcohol industry, providing insights into the inter-relationship between tobacco and alcohol industries in policy-oriented science.
DRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW
(2023)
Article
Substance Abuse
Mary Madden, Duncan Stewart, Jim Mc Cambridge
Summary: This study explores early patient experiences of the Structured Medication Review (SMR) service in England and investigates the acceptability of integrating clinical attention to alcohol within the review. The results showed that patients welcomed the inclusion of alcohol in SMRs and appreciated the change in framing alcohol from a standalone issue to a drug linked to their conditions.
ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Andrew Bartlett, Matthew Lesch, Su Golder, Jim Mccambridge
Summary: This study explores how sudden shifts in the political context can provide opportunities for policy actors to re-frame alcohol-related issues. By analyzing tweets from Professor Charles Parry during South Africa's temporary bans on alcohol sales, it was found that he highlighted the extent of alcohol-related harm and contested industry efforts to re-frame evidence. Parry also emphasized the health and social harms of alcohol consumption, particularly trauma, rather than COVID-19 risks, using the sales bans as a policy learning opportunity.
Article
Substance Abuse
Marcus Bendtsen, Katarina Asberg, Jim Mccambridge
Summary: Digital alcohol interventions have been shown to reduce drinking by improving individuals' knowledge and confidence in reducing their consumption.
DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
(2023)
Article
Substance Abuse
Gemma Mitchell, Jim Mccambridge
Summary: The study examines email interactions between NIAAA leaders and the alcohol industry from 2013 to 2020. The findings show that NIAAA leaders provided industry with extensive information and had frequent interactions. However, there were instances where NIAAA leaders criticized public health research in correspondence with industry. The study highlights the need for better understanding of the influence of commercial interests on alcohol research agendas.
JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS
(2023)
Article
Substance Abuse
Gemma Mitchell, Jim McCambridge
Summary: This study found that researchers who had no direct relationship with the alcohol industry still had unavoidable contact with the industry. The alcohol industry extensively monitors the research field, with conferences and policy-related events serving as important venues for both relationship building and surveillance.
JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS
(2022)