Article
Plant Sciences
Joan Onate Narciso, Wei Zeng, Kris Ford, Edwin R. Lampugnani, John Humphries, Ingvild Austarheim, Allison van de Meene, Antony Bacic, Monika S. Doblin
Summary: Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are important glycoproteins with diverse roles in developmental processes. Research shows that GALT8 is a beta-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of beta-(1,3)-galactan, contributing to plant development in endosperm and female gametophyte.
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Li Tan, Jianfeng Xu, Michael Held, Derek T. A. Lamport, Marcia Kieliszewski
Summary: This study found that Hyp-O-polysaccharides isolated from transgenic Arabidopsis suspension culture have similar structural features to AGPs isolated from tobacco. It also confirmed the presence of a previously identified β-1,6-linkage on the galactan backbone in AGP fusion glycoproteins expressed in tobacco. Furthermore, AGPs expressed in Arabidopsis suspension culture have differences in terminal-rhamnosyl residues and glucuronosylation compared to those expressed in tobacco suspension culture, suggesting the presence of distinct glycosyl transferases and minimum AG structures for type II AG functional features.
Article
Plant Sciences
Ryoya Okawa, Yoko Hayashi, Yasuko Yamashita, Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi, Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
Summary: This study highlights the importance of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in the regulation of plasmodesmata structure and cell wall properties in Arabidopsis.
Article
Plant Sciences
Dasmeet Kaur, Michael A. Held, Mountain R. Smith, Allan M. Showalter
Summary: This study examined the genetic redundancy and functions of the Hyp-GALT gene family by generating multiple gene knock-out mutants. The results revealed the essential roles of different Hyp-GALT genes in plant growth and development, especially in AGP glycosylation and cell wall structure.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Kaikai Zhang, Yunhui Xie, Shougong Zhang, Xiaomei Sun
Summary: In this study, the LkGT31 family was identified from the genome of Larix kaempferi, and its evolutionary relationship, gene structure, promoter cis-elements, and expression patterns were analyzed. The results showed that most LkGT31 genes were highly expressed in stems and contained light responsive elements, ABA responsive elements, and stress responsive elements in their promoter regions. Additionally, LkGalT14 was found to form homodimers. These findings provide insights into the function of LkGT31 genes and lay a foundation for understanding the regulation mechanism of arabinogalactan synthesis.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Yuan Zhang, Michael A. Held, Dasmeet Kaur, Allan M. Showalter
Summary: The successful use of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing/multiplexing technology generated higher-order knockout mutants of five members of the GALT gene family. Analysis of AGPs in the mutants showed significantly decreased glycosylation compared to wild-type organs. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed significant decreases in arabinose and galactose in all the higher-order galt mutants.
Article
Plant Sciences
Ana Lucia Lopes, Diana Moreira, Ana Marta Pereira, Ricardo Ferraz, Sara Mendes, Luis Gustavo Pereira, Lucia Colombo, Silvia Coimbra
Summary: This study explores the distribution patterns of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in Arabidopsis female reproductive tissues and compares them among different developmental mutants. The results highlight the importance of the immunofluorescence labelling technique in understanding the remodeling nature of the cell wall during development.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Bartosz Jan Plachno, Malgorzata Kapusta, Piotr Swiatek, Krzysztof Banas, Vitor F. O. Miranda, Anna Bogucka-Kocka
Summary: In Utricularia, the development of female gametophyte surpasses traditional boundaries, invading the placenta and making direct contact with the ovary chamber, playing a crucial role in pollen tube guidance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Biljana K. Filipovic, Milana M. Trifunovic-Momcilov, Ana D. Simonovic, Sladana B. Jevremovic, Snezana M. Milosevic, Angelina R. Subotic
Summary: This study investigated the distribution and changes of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in common centaury leaf culture during indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) and shoot organogenesis (ISO) with seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Results showed that AGPs were developmentally regulated and expressed in numerous meristematic centers during ISE and ISO, with specific epitopes detected at different stages of somatic embryo and adventitious bud development. JIM13 antibody was suggested as a potential marker for ISE in centaury leaf culture.
IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT
(2021)
Article
Plant Sciences
Dasmeet Kaur, Diana Moreira, Silvia Coimbra, Allan M. Showalter
Summary: The successful development and function of stamens, pollen grains, and pollen tubes are crucial for male reproductive function in flowering plants. Highly glycosylated arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) play important roles in male gamete formation, pollen grain, and pollen tube cell walls. The study on a quintuple Hyp-GALT mutant revealed the significant contributions of Hyp-arabinogalactans (Hyp-AGs) to the normal development and function of anthers and pollen.
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Plant Sciences
Hanako Kiyono, Kazuma Katano, Nobuhiro Suzuki
Summary: Plants have evolved highly sophisticated systems for controlling reproductive development to thrive on Earth, and decoding these mechanisms is essential for increasing crop yields to meet the growing demand for food. ROS regulatory systems and carbohydrate metabolism play crucial roles in reproductive development, but how these mechanisms work together in reproductive tissues is still poorly understood. Three key mechanisms are proposed as key players in integrating ROS and carbohydrate regulatory systems for proper seed production.
Article
Plant Sciences
Yingjing Miao, Jiashu Cao, Li Huang, Youjian Yu, Sue Lin
Summary: In this study, a new Arabidopsis FLA gene, FLA14, was identified as a pollen grain-specific gene with localization along the cell membrane and in Hechtian strands. Overexpression of FLA14 resulted in abnormal pollen grains with reduced fertility, while loss-of-function mutant showed precocious pollen germination under high moisture conditions inside the mature anthers. These findings suggest a role for FLA14 in pollen development and preventing premature pollen germination.
Article
Plant Sciences
Oyeyemi O. Ajayi, Michael A. Held, Allan M. Showalter
Summary: Through biochemical and immunolabeling techniques, it was demonstrated that the enzymes GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C play essential roles in pollen development, polytubey block, and normal embryo development in Arabidopsis. Their loss of function resulted in structural abnormalities in pollen grains, disrupted anther development, and compromised mechanisms in sexual reproduction.
Review
Plant Sciences
Ana D. Simonovic, Milana M. Trifunovic-Momcilov, Biljana K. Filipovic, Marija P. Markovic, Milica D. Bogdanovic, Angelina R. Subotic
Summary: The review provides an overview of nearly two decades of research on somatic embryogenesis in Centaurium erythraea, highlighting differences between initiation from root explants and leaf explants, as well as the roles of antioxidative enzymes and arabinogalactan proteins during the process. The discussion also includes the latest findings on centaury transcriptome, potential SE markers, and novel types of arabinogalactan proteins, pointing towards future directions in centaury research.
Article
Cell Biology
Agata Leszczuk, Ewa Szczuka, Kinga Lewtak, Barbara Chudzik, Artur Zdunek
Summary: Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are heavily glycosylated proteins that play a role in plant adaptation to stress conditions during important developmental phases. Studies have shown significant changes in the distribution and localization of AGPs under normal and stress conditions.
Review
Agricultural Engineering
Xinxin Li, Adiphol Dilokpimol, Mirjam A. Kabel, Ronald P. de Vries
Summary: Fungi are important polysaccharide degraders in nature, and they can diversify their carbohydrate-active enzyme combinations to survive in different ecological habitats. This review summarizes the current knowledge on substrate specificity of xylanolytic enzymes and the diversity of enzyme sets in fungi, and reviews the industrial applications of fungal xylanolytic enzymes.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nancy Coconi Linares, Xinxin Li, Adiphol Dilokpimol, Ronald P. de Vries
Summary: The fungus Penicillium subrubescens has more alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase-encoding genes compared to other Penicillia, with nine ABFs from GH families GH51, GH54, and GH62 showing highly diverse specificity and activity levels. However, the substrate preference of the enzymes did not correlate with the expression of the corresponding genes, suggesting a complex regulatory system governing L-arabinose release from plant biomass by P. subrubescens.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Adiphol Dilokpimol, Bart Verkerk, Xinxin Li, Annie Bellemare, Mathieu Lavallee, Matthias Frommhagen, Emilie Normolle Underlin, Mirjam A. Kabel, Justin Powlowski, Adrian Tsang, Ronald P. de Vries
Summary: In this study, ten novel fungal CE1 enzymes from different subfamilies were heterologously produced and screened for their activity towards model and complex plant biomass substrates. The study found CE1 enzymes with dual feruloyl/acetyl xylan esterase (FXE) activity, expanding the substrate specificity. These new FXEs from CE1 can efficiently release both feruloyl and acetyl residues from feruloylated xylan, making them potentially valuable components in industrial enzyme cocktails for plant biomass degradation.
Article
Plant Sciences
Carolina Feijao, Kris Morreel, Nadine Anders, Theodora Tryfona, Marta Busse-Wicher, Toshihisa Kotake, Wout Boerjan, Paul Dupree
Summary: The study highlights the critical role of xylan in the structure of grass cell walls, as well as the function of XAX1 in xylan synthesis. The results indicate that XAX1 plays an essential role in cross-linking, suggesting its potential as a target for improving the utilization of grass biomass.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
L. F. L. Wilson, T. Dendooven, S. W. Hardwick, A. Echevarria-Poza, T. Tryfona, K. B. R. M. Krogh, D. Y. Chirgadze, B. F. Luisi, D. T. Logan, K. Mani, P. Dupree
Summary: Heparan sulfate is a highly modified glycan that plays diverse physiological roles in animal tissues. The structure of human exostosin-like 3 (EXTL3) and its role in heparan sulfate backbone extension are characterized in this study.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biology
Alan Crivellaro, Alma Piermattei, Jiri Dolezal, Paul Dupree, Ulf Buentgen
Summary: More than 200 years after von Humboldt's pioneering work on the treeline, our understanding of the cold distribution limit of upright plant growth is still incomplete. Contrary to popular belief, this study shows that the lignification of cell walls in 'woody' herbs can vary greatly, and small plants above the treeline may contain less lignin. The findings suggest that extremely cold temperatures can affect a plant's ability to lignify their secondary cell walls.
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Plant Sciences
Xu Lu, Lijin Huang, Henrik Scheller, Jay D. Keasling
Summary: Terpenoid glycosides derived from medicinal plants have shown significant curative effects in the treatment of various diseases. UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases in plants play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of bioactive glycosides. In this review, the characteristics, evolution, and recent advances in terpenoid UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in medicinal plants over the past 20 years are summarized, providing a reference for the study of glycosylation and biosynthetic pathways of medicinal terpenoids in plants.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Tatsuya Kutsuno, Sushan Chowhan, Toshihisa Kotake, Daisuke Takahashi
Summary: Plants adapt to freezing stress through cold acclimation and deacclimation, which are regulated by changes in cell wall structure and monosaccharide composition. The balance between freezing tolerance and growth is crucial for plant development in changing environments. Arabinogalactan proteins and pectic galactan play important roles in freezing tolerance and growth, while arabinan and xyloglucan stabilize at cold acclimation levels during deacclimation.
PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Morihiro Oota, Syuuto Toyoda, Toshihisa Kotake, Naoki Wada, Masatsugu Hashiguchi, Ryo Akashi, Hayato Ishikawa, Bruno Favery, Allen Yi-Lun Tsai, Shinichiro Sawa
Summary: A chemoattractant of plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes has been isolated from the Super-growing Root culture system and found to be enriched in carbohydrates, particularly arabinose and galactose. This attractant is essential for the attraction of Meloidogyne incognita but not other nematode species.
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Yu Gao, Andrew S. Lipton, Coyla R. Munson, Yingxuan Ma, Kim L. Johnson, Dylan T. Murray, Henrik V. Scheller, Jenny C. Mortimer
Summary: The plant secondary cell wall is a thickened matrix of polysaccharides and lignin. It is an abundant and renewable source for various purposes but accessing the carbon in an economical and sustainable way is challenging. In this study, the researchers aimed to increase the length of galactan chain in the cell wall and found that it enhanced pectin- cellulose contacts and cellulose crystallinity. However, it also disrupted the cell wall architecture.
Correction
Biology
Alan Crivellaro, Alma Piermattei, Jiri Dolezal, Paul Dupree, Ulf Buntgen
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kanika Ghosh, Daisuke Takahashi, Toshihisa Kotake
Summary: Type II arabinogalactans (AGs) are diverse plant polysaccharides found in cell walls and plasma membranes as carbohydrate moieties in arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). The main structure of type II AG is a 1,3-beta-D-galactan main chain with 1,6-beta-D-galactan side chains decorated with sugars like alpha-L-arabinose and beta-D-glucuronic acid. Determining the structures of these complex AGs is challenging, but their modification offers scientific and commercial opportunities. This review outlines the chemical structures of type II and type II related AGs, compares structural analysis techniques, and highlights structural modifications for enhanced functionality.
CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Kotomi Kikukawa, Hisako Takigawa-Imamura, Kouichi Soga, Toshihisa Kotake, Takumi Higaki
Summary: This study explores the importance of cell shape for cotyledon morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. The results show that changes in cell shape lead to abnormal cotyledon shapes, and suggest that reduced cell wall cellulose content and altered cortical microtubule organization may contribute to cell deformation. Mathematical modeling and computer simulations further support these experimental observations, demonstrating that elongation of pavement cells results in irregular cotyledon shapes.
PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xiaoyue Chen, Graham A. Hudson, Charlotte Mineo, Bashar Amer, Edward E. K. Baidoo, Samantha A. Crowe, Yuzhong Liu, Jay D. Keasling, Henrik V. Scheller
Summary: Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a known elicitor of plant specialized metabolism, including triterpenoid saponins. In this study, we leveraged MeJA-induced saponin biosynthesis in S. vaccaria and identified multiple enzymes that catalyze the oxidation and glycosylation of triterpenoids. We also discovered the biosynthetic pathway for the rare nucleotide sugar UDP-d-fucose. Our findings enable the production and optimization of high-value saponins in microorganisms and plants through synthetic biology approaches.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Editorial Material
Biology
Ulf Buntgen, Alma Piermattei, Jiri Dolezal, Paul Dupree, Alan Crivellaro
COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
(2023)
