Journal
WORLD JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY
Volume 16, Issue 6, Pages 422-429Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1062552
Keywords
schizophrenia; cytokines; neuroinflammation; chemokines; treatment resistance
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Funding
- Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) PVE fellowship at the Health Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)
- Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [2010/19176-3]
- CNPq
- FAPESP
- CAPES
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Objectives. Recent schizophrenia (SCZ) research aims to establish biomarkers with high predictive value for the diagnosis, severity of illness or treatment resistance. SCZ is accompanied by activated immune-inflammatory pathways, including increased levels of cytokines and chemokines, but few studies tried to identify predictive properties of such measures. Methods. We included 54 medicated SCZ patients and 118 healthy controls and examined 15 cytokines and chemokines. Possible associations between these immune-inflammatory biomarkers and the diagnosis of SCZ, severity of illness and treatment resistance were investigated. Results. SCZ is associated with a specific cytokine - chemokine profile, i.e., increased CCL11, MIP-1 alpha, sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 levels, and decreased levels of IP-10, TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IL-4. The combination of five biomarkers (sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2, CCL11, IP-10, IL-4) may predict the diagnosis of SCZ with a sensitivity of 70.0% and a specificity of 89.4%. There was a weak association between the negative symptoms and biomarkers, i.e., IL-2 (inversely) and CCL11 (positively). Patients with treatment resistance showed increased levels of sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2 and MCP-1. Conclusions. The findings of this study reinforce that SCZ is associated with a pro-inflammatory profile and suggest that some immune mediators may be used as reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of SCZ and treatment resistance.
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