Effect of Temperature on Conidial Germination of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Infecting Grapevines

Germination of conidia of eight botryosphaeriaceous fungi infecting grapevines was evaluated after 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h incubation under eight different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C). The effect of temperature on conidial germination was also evaluated in different stages (hyaline versus pigmented conidia) of the species Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Conidial germination of Botryosphaeriaceae species infecting grapevines was significantly affected by temperature. Overall, conidial germination increased significantly with longer incubation times, especially from 2 to 12 h. In most cases, germination of conidia was not significantly different between 12 and 24 h incubation. Conidia of botryosphaeriaceous species did not germinate (with the exception of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum) at 5 degrees C, and only B. dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and L. theobromae showed high levels of conidial germination at 40 degrees C. Optimum conidial germination temperatures (defined as the temperature in which germination reached at least 50% in the shortest incubation time) were 25 degrees C for B. dothidea and Dothiorella iberica, 25 to 30 degrees C for Spencermartinsia viticola, 30 degrees C for Diplodia corticola, D. mutila, D. seriata, N. parvum, and hyaline L. theobromae, and 40 degrees C for pigmented L. theobromae conidia. Successful conidial germination of species of Botryosphaeriaceae infecting grapevines was always observed between 10 and 35 degrees C with the exception of Dothiorella iberica and pigmented L. theobromae conidia, neither of which germinated at 35 and 10 degrees C. respectively. Results of this study show conidia of botryosphaeriaceous species infecting grapevines to be capable of germination under a broad range of temperatures including those considered to be extreme, which may explain the success of these species as grapevine pathogens throughout most of the grape-growing areas in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres.