Review
Ecology
Samuel R. P. -J. Ross, Owen L. Petchey, Takehiro Sasaki, David W. Armitage
Summary: The insurance effect of biodiversity, which refers to the stabilizing role of diversity in ecosystem properties, is supported by the variation in organismal responses to the environment. This variation, known as response diversity, is a crucial factor in ecological stability. This review article presents a methodological framework for quantifying response diversity from experimental and/or observational data, allowing for practical application in various settings. By capturing subtle variations in environmental responses and considering environment dependencies, this approach provides a new perspective for testing the relationship between diversity and stability and can be used for mapping, monitoring, and conserving biodiversity.
METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Wen Zheng, Xiaoming Yao
Summary: By applying the theories of complex network and entropy measurement to the market, the study analyzes the two-sided market structure of constructing the O2O platform transaction. The Market Structure Entropy (MSE) is introduced to measure the consistency degree of individuals and groups in the O2O market, providing a quantitative index for evaluating the market state.
Article
Ecology
Lauren Seex, Tommaso Sacca, Charlotte K. Hemelrijk
Summary: This study evaluates measures of intersexual dominance using an agent-based model, DomWorld. The Female Dominance Index and the proportion of intersexual conflicts initiated are found to be accurate measures.
FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2022)
Editorial Material
Plant Sciences
Michal Bogdziewicz, Rafael Calama, Benoit Courbaud, Josep M. Espelta, Andrew Hacket-Pain, Valentin Journe, Georges Kunstler, Michael Steele, Tong Qiu, Magdalena Zywiec, James S. Clark
Summary: The periodic production of large seed crops, known as masting, is common in perennial plants and has various effects on the fitness and food webs. However, quantifying the variability of masting has been debated, with the commonly used coefficient of variation being inadequate for individual-level observations. To address these limitations, this study introduces volatility and periodicity as new metrics, which account for the variance in the frequency domain and provide improved ecological interpretations of masting. The utilization of long-term, individual-plant datasets with these new metrics promises significant advancements in the field.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Vasilis Dakos, Sonia Kefi
Summary: The measurement of ecological resilience has been a challenging task for ecologists, especially in comparison to engineering resilience. Although attempts have been made to integrate these two concepts, the extent to which they overlap in assessing system resilience is not yet fully understood.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Michele Pugini, Bruno Credidio, Irina Walter, Sebastian Malerz, Florian Trinter, Dominik Stemer, Uwe Hergenhahn, Gerard Meijer, Iain Wilkinson, Bernd Winter, Stephan Thurmer
Summary: The recent application of concepts from condensed-matter physics to photoelectron spectroscopy of liquid-phase systems enables the measurement of electronic energetics of liquids on an absolute scale. The authors connect the newly accessible energy level to the solution work function and demonstrate accurate measurements of concentration-dependent work functions in aqueous solutions under controlled conditions. This work marks the beginning of a new era in the characterization of the interfacial electronic structure of aqueous solutions and liquids more generally.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Michele Pugini, Bruno Credidio, Irina Walter, Sebastian Malerz, Florian Trinter, Dominik Stemer, Uwe Hergenhahn, Gerard Meijer, Iain Wilkinson, Bernd Winter, Stephan Thurmer
Summary: The recent application of condensed-matter physics concepts to photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) of liquid-phase systems has allowed for the measurement of electronic energetics of liquids. The vertical ionization energies (VIEs) of liquid water and aqueous solutions can now be accurately determined and referenced to the local vacuum level. This work discusses the connection between these energies and the solution work function and demonstrates the accurate measurement of concentration-dependent work functions for an aqueous solution.
Review
Oncology
Michael Tang, Kimberson Tanco
Summary: Pain is a multi-faceted symptom caused by a combination of physical and psychosocial factors. The assessment of pain requires considering different factors such as pain type, assessment tools, and conditions that may affect pain expression and management. Therefore, an interdisciplinary team approach may be more effective in managing complex pain behaviors compared to a solo approach.
CURRENT ONCOLOGY REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Veikko F. Geyer, Stefan Diez
Summary: Transport of intracellular cargo along cytoskeletal filaments is often mediated by multiple motor molecules. This study introduces a new method using horizontal magnetic tweezers system to investigate multi-motor systems. The force-velocity relationship of motor-driven cytoskeletal filaments is directly measured and the collective backward motion of the transport system is observed under super-stall forces. This magnetic tweezers apparatus has potential applications in various molecular and cellular motility assays.
Review
Horticulture
Alejandro Vega-Munoz, Miseldra Gil-Marin, Nicolas Contreras-Barraza, Guido Salazar-Sepulveda, Analia Veronica Losada
Summary: This review article systematically identifies appropriate measurement methods for organic fruit consumption behavior, and identifies reliable measurement scales that can be used in further studies on food consumer behavior.
Article
Business, Finance
Cristina Pereira Pedro, Joaquim J. S. Ramalho, Jacinto Vidigal da Silva
Summary: This paper uses data from 141 countries to identify the variables that best characterize worldwide banking regulation and supervision practices. It finds that deposit insurance, liquidity, diversification requirements, complementary banking activities, and market discipline are reliable indicators to measure regulation, while resolution activities, the mandate of the head of the supervisory agency, and the report of prudential regulation infractions are important for banking supervision. Capital requirements and ownership are of minor relevance and are sensitive to a country's development level. China and Germany have distinct regulation practices, while China and the UK adopt the most stringent supervision policies.
RESEARCH IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND FINANCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Rene H. Reich, Veerle Vermeyen, Luc Alaerts, Karel Van Acker
Summary: Currently, the methods of compiling policy monitors for the circular economy tend to focus on recycling while neglecting higher circular strategies and environmental and social impacts. In this study, researchers developed a holistic method based on societal needs, using the DPSIR framework to describe manufactured, social, and natural capital. The method and framework can serve as a guide for working groups setting up a circular economy policy monitor, ensuring the inclusion of environmental and social indicators and providing direct feedback on enacted policies.
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING
(2023)
Article
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Alberto Stefano Tagliafico, Bianca Bignotti, Lorenzo Torri, Federica Rossi
Summary: Sarcopenia refers to the loss of skeletal muscle mass, which leads to a decline in physical performance. Radiology can play a crucial role in the early detection and treatment of sarcopenia. This article provides an update on the clinical knowledge of sarcopenia and discusses the advantages and limitations of radiological evaluation, including various body composition imaging modalities and controversial issues.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Richard Sproat, Alexander Gutkin
Summary: The article proposes a new method for measuring the degree of logographic in writing systems, using an attention-based sequence-to-sequence model trained to predict spelling from pronunciation in context. This approach is seen to better align with how writing systems actually function compared to traditional classifications.
COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Lenno van den Berg, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Merle K. de Kreuk
Summary: This study investigated the impact of different methods on the measurement of diffusion coefficients in biofilm processes. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the precision of each method, revealing a wide range of variability. The results suggest that existing experimental methods may lead to inaccurate determination of diffusion coefficients.
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
M. Jo, P. Brasseur, A. Assouline, G. Fleury, H. S. Sim, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, W. Dumnernpanich, P. Roche, D. C. Glattli, N. Kumada, F. D. Parmentier, P. Roulleau
Summary: Graphene serves as a promising platform for electron quantum optics, with the capability to tune electronic beam splitters and achieve nearly unity transmission. Comparisons with conventional semiconductor interferometers show graphene's robustness to universal processes driving quantum coherence.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ron Aharon Melcer, Bivas Dutta, Christian Spanslatt, Jinhong Park, Alexander D. Mirlin, Vladimir Umansky
Summary: This study investigates the transport behavior of counter-propagating edge modes in the hole-conjugate fractional quantum Hall state. The authors find that thermal equilibration on the edge is extremely inefficient, leading to almost ballistic heat transport over macroscopic distances. They also observe the quantization of heat conductance associated with a strong interaction fixed point of the edge modes.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Anne Matthies, Jinhong Park, Erez Berg, Achim Rosch
Summary: Investigated two Josephson-coupled topological quantum wires with Coulomb interactions, inducing Floquet Majorana modes through oscillating gate voltage, enabling encoding of three qubits in a sector with fixed electron parity. Avoided system instability by gradually increasing oscillation frequency.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Sungguen Ryu, H. -S. Sim
Summary: Scattering or tunneling of an electron at a potential barrier is a fundamental quantum effect. Understanding electron-electron interactions is crucial in detecting phenomena of electron transport and their application to electron quantum optics.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
M. Jo, June-Young M. Lee, A. Assouline, P. Brasseur, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, P. Roche, D. C. Glattli, N. Kumada, F. D. Parmentier, H-S Sim, P. Roulleau
Summary: Efforts have been made to understand and control decoherence in 2D electron systems, with graphene offering a unique opportunity to study unexplored regimes of electron interferometry. A graphene quantum Hall PN junction exhibits a remarkable crossover from exponential decay to algebraic decay of interference visibility as temperature decreases, a previously unobserved phenomenon in GaAs interferometers.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sung Un Cho, Wanki Park, Bum-Kyu Kim, Minky Seo, Dongsung T. Park, Hyungkook Choi, Nam Kim, H. -S. Sim, Myung-Ho Bae
Summary: This article proposes a new type of single-electron source with more functionalities compared to existing sources, and achieves the emission of holes and electrons on demand through RF drive. Triangular islands, consistent with the theoretical model, are obtained through quantized current.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hwanchul Jung, Dongsung T. T. Park, Seokyeong Lee, Uhjin Kim, Chanuk Yang, Jehyun Kim, V. Umansky, Dohun Kim, H. -S. Sim, Yunchul Chung, Hyoungsoon Choi, Hyung Kook Choi
Summary: This article reports the realization of an open cavity resonator in a two-dimensional electronic system and studies the resonant electron modes within the cavity. The experimental results show that the modes are robust despite the cavity being highly coupled to the open background continuum. The transverse modes were investigated by applying a controlled deformation to the cavity and their spatial distributions were further analyzed using magnetoconductance measurements and numerical simulation. These results lay the groundwork for exploring matter waves in the context of modern optical frameworks.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
June-Young M. Lee, H-S Sim
Summary: A theoretical proposal for a collider for anyons has been reported, which can be used to explore the braiding statistics of various types of anyons. The collider's dominant process involves braiding between injected anyons and an anyon excited at the collider.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
June-Young M. Lee, Changki Hong, Tomer Alkalay, Noam Schiller, Vladimir Umansky, Moty Heiblum, Yuval Oreg, H. -S. Sim
Summary: Correlations of partitioned particles carry essential information about their quantumness. This study focuses on weakly partitioned, highly diluted, one-dimension-like edge modes of the one-third filling fractional quantum Hall state and measures their autocorrelation to reveal the braiding phase of exotic anyonic states without resorting to complex interference experiments.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
J. D. Fletcher, W. Park, S. Ryu, P. See, J. P. Griffiths, G. A. C. Jones, I. Farrer, D. A. Ritchie, H. -s. Sim, M. Kataoka
Summary: Coulomb forces between high-energy electrons in unscreened regime are detected and analysed using a mesoscopic electron collider. The ability to control Coulomb interactions on picosecond time scales is crucial for quantum logic devices with flying electrons. Despite previous findings, our study reveals Coulomb-dominated collisions of high-energy single electrons in counter-propagating ballistic edge states, indicating new ways to utilize Coulomb interactions for high-speed sensing or gate operations on flying electron qubits.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Junliang Wang, Hermann Edlbauer, Aymeric Richard, Shunsuke Ota, Wanki Park, Jeongmin Shim, Arne Ludwig, Andreas D. Wieck, Heung-Sun Sim, Matias Urdampilleta, Tristan Meunier, Tetsuo Kodera, Nobu-Hisa Kaneko, Hermann Sellier, Xavier Waintal, Shintaro Takada, Christopher Bauerle
Summary: This research reports the observation of single-photon partitioning during the synchronous shuttling process of a pair of single electrons through a surface acoustic wave, demonstrating the repulsion predominantly caused by Coulomb interaction. This experiment marks an important milestone in realizing controlled-phase gates for in-flight quantum manipulations.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Eun Kyo Ko, Sungsoo Hahn, Changhee Sohn, Sangmin Lee, Seung-Sup B. Lee, Byungmin Sohn, Jeong Rae Kim, Jaeseok Son, Jeongkeun Song, Youngdo Kim, Donghan Kim, Miyoung Kim, Choong H. Kim, Changyoung Kim, Tae Won Noh
Summary: Hund's coupling, or the intra-atomic exchange, can drive novel quantum phases in multi-orbital systems, but this requires precise control of orbital occupancy. Ko et al. report an orbital-selective metal-to-insulator transition driven by Hund's physics via symmetry-preserving strain tuning in monolayer SrRuO3.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jeongmin Shim, Donghoon Kim, H. S. Sim
Summary: Impurities or boundaries can impose nontrivial conditions on gapless bulk systems, resulting in distinct boundary universality classes, phase transitions, and non-Fermi liquids. This study predicts the quantum-coherent structure of multichannel Kondo clouds by studying the entanglement between the impurities and the channels, providing insights into competing non-Fermi liquids. The detection of entanglement shells, which determine the thermal phase of each channel, is experimentally feasible and can guide the study of other boundary states and entanglement between boundaries and the bulk.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Tom Morel, June-Young M. Lee, H-S Sim, Christophe Mora
Summary: One remarkable feature of strongly correlated systems is the phenomenon of fractionalization, where quasiparticles carry only a fraction of the charge or spin of the elementary constituents. This phenomenon is important in the fractional quantum Hall effect. This paper discusses the observation of fractionalization and anyonic statistics in the integer quantum Hall effect coupled to a metallic island. A continuous fractional emitter is proposed, and its full counting statistics of noninteger charges is obtained. The mixing of two fractional beams is characterized through a quantum point contact beam splitter.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Jinhong Park, Bernd Rosenow, Yuval Gefen
Summary: The low-energy transport in quantum Hall states is determined by edge modes, bulk topological invariants, and possibly microscopic Boltzmann kinetics at the edge. The presence or breaking of symmetries of the edge Hamiltonian plays a crucial role in determining transport properties, such as dc conductance and noise. Different symmetry scenarios, such as the continuous SU(3) symmetry and discrete Z(3) symmetry, lead to qualitatively different behaviors of conductance and shot noise, with recent measurements supporting one of these scenarios while leaving room for exploration of others in future experiments.
PHYSICAL REVIEW RESEARCH
(2021)
