Review
Genetics & Heredity
Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier, Katarzyna Piorkowska, Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
Summary: Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is an important issue in modern veterinary medicine, linked to the painful hoof laminitis. We have summarized available information on the genetic background, environmental factors, diagnosis, treatment, and management of EMS for both scientific and practical purposes. Clinical presentation in horses includes obesity, lameness, and insulin dysregulation, with ongoing research in regenerative medicine for promising therapies.
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Yun Young Go, Nicole W. Hazard, Udeni B. R. Balasuriya, Anna M. Chapman, Nanette S. Fitton, Akos Kenez, Frank M. Andrews
Summary: This study evaluated the accuracy of the Immulite(R) 1000 chemiluminescent immunoassay(CLIA) for assessing equine serum insulin. The results showed that this method had good precision and dilution recovery, and had a strong correlation with the validated radioimmunoassay(RIA) for horses. It can provide an accurate diagnosis of hyperinsulinemia.
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Gracia Fahed, Laurence Aoun, Morgan Bou Zerdan, Sabine Allam, Maroun Bou Zerdan, Youssef Bouferraa, Hazem I. Assi
Summary: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic dysregulations associated with insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. If left untreated, it significantly increases the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, many aspects of Metabolic syndrome are still not completely understood, and many questions remain unanswered. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the historical background, epidemiology, histopathology, pathophysiology, management, and prevention of Metabolic syndrome.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Lars Lind, Samira Salihovic, Johan Sundstrom, Solve Elmstahl, Ulf Hammar, Koen Dekkers, Johan Arnlov, J. Gustav Smith, Gunnar Engstrom, Tove Fall
Summary: This study compared the plasma metabolome in obese subjects with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS) to normal-weight subjects without MetS. The results showed significant differences in metabolite profiles between obese and normal-weight individuals without MetS, with a gradual deterioration in metabolite profile from lean to obese to MetS. The pathways highlighted in this study, such as amino acid synthesis/metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism, may play a role in this metabolic deterioration, with insulin resistance as a potential mediator.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2022)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Bashir Ahmad Laway, Mohammad Salem Baba
Summary: Sheehan syndrome caused by postpartum hemorrhage leads to pituitary hormone deficiency, resulting in various abnormalities including lipid and glucose abnormalities, increased body fat, insulin resistance, coagulation abnormalities, increased leptin concentration, low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Replacement with growth hormone in addition to standard hormone replacement improves the cardiometabolic profile of patients with Sheehan syndrome.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Plant Sciences
Zuqing Su, Hongxia Li, Zeting Ye, Ying Zhu, Bing Feng, Lipeng Tang, Guangjuan Zheng
Summary: This study investigated the mechanism of Qidan Tiaozhi capsule (QD) in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. The results suggested that QD activates the AMPK/PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway to suppress oxidative stress and treat metabolic syndrome.
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Hiroki Nishikawa, Akira Asai, Shinya Fukunishi, Shuhei Nishiguchi, Kazuhide Higuchi
Summary: Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in insulin-induced glucose metabolism, with muscle loss and intramuscular fat accumulation closely linked. Skeletal muscle loss and fat accumulation are associated with various pathologies through factors such as oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and inactivity. The relationship between Metabolic Syndrome (Met-S) and sarcopenia is attracting attention, with persistent inflammation, fat deposition, and insulin resistance thought to play important roles in their association.
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Martin Sillence, Alexandra Meier, Melody de Laat, Rebecca Klee, Dania Reiche
Summary: This study investigated the factors associated with the rate of improvement in hyperinsulinaemia-associated laminitis (HAL) in 37 naturally-occurring cases. The results showed that younger horses and a modest increase in blood glucose and insulin concentrations are associated with delayed improvement in laminitis.
BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Qiong Shen, Yu-te Zhong, Xiang-xiang Liu, Jun-nan Hu, Si-min Qi, Ke Li, Zi Wang, Hong-yan Zhu, Xin-dian Li, Ying-ping Wang, Wei Li
Summary: In this study, the ameliorative effects of platycodin D (PD) on high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) mice were investigated. PD treatment improved body weight gain and maintained glucose homeostasis. PD also reduced liver tissue pathologies and abnormal liver function caused by T2D. Additionally, PD decreased hepatic glycogen decomposition and lipid levels, as well as hepatic fat accumulation. The results suggest that PD modulation of hepatic glycolipid metabolism abnormalities shows promise for T2D therapy in the future.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Zsofia Daradics, Mihaela Niculae, Cristian Mihaita Crecan, Alexandru Florin Lupsan, Mirela Alexandra Rus, Sanda Andrei, Dana Mihaela Ciobanu, Florinela Adriana Catoi, Ioana Delia Pop, Mircea Valerian Mircean, Cornel Catoi
Summary: This study investigated the association and relationship between selected metabolic parameters and morphological traits in equine metabolic syndrome. The findings suggest that NEFA, chemerin, and omentin could serve as valuable biomarkers in understanding equine metabolic pathology.
Review
Cell Biology
Richa Pant, Priyanka Firmal, Vibhuti Kumar Shah, Aftab Alam, Samit Chattopadhyay
Summary: Obesity is a major public health concern characterized by an increase in adipose tissue mass, which can lead to impaired metabolic health and even influence cancer progression. Dysfunction in adipocyte function is influenced by genetics and environmental factors, affecting gene expression and onset of obesity. Understanding the complexities of adipogenesis is crucial for recognizing disease conditions and identifying therapeutic interventions.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Health Care Sciences & Services
George E. Zakynthinos, Vasiliki Tsolaki, Evangelos Oikonomou, Manolis Vavouranakis, Gerasimos Siasos, Epaminondas Zakynthinos
Summary: Metabolic syndrome and atrial fibrillation are closely related, as metabolic syndrome affects the left atrium in multiple ways, leading to the progression of atrial fibrillation. A holistic treatment approach can improve patient outcomes.
JOURNAL OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Jose Ignacio Ramirez-Manent, Andres Martinez Jover, Caroline Silveira Martinez, Pilar Tomas-Gil, Pau Marti-Lliteras, Angel Arturo Lopez-Gonzalez
Summary: Metabolic syndrome (Met-S) is a significant health problem associated with insulin resistance (IR). This study aims to assess the relationship between different insulin resistance risk scales and Met-S and identify the components of Met-S that contribute most to IR. The results demonstrate that insulin resistance risk scales can accurately classify individuals with Met-S, particularly when using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, and waist circumference is the key factor associated with both IR and Met-S.
Review
Immunology
Yan Hao, Ya-juan Zhu, Song Zou, Pei Zhou, Ya-wen Hu, Qi-xiang Zhao, Lin-na Gu, Hao-zhou Zhang, Zhen Wang, Jiong Li
Summary: The association between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome involves various mechanisms including endoplasmic reticulum stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine releases, excess production of reactive oxygen species, alterations in adipocytokine levels, and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Marietta Rottenkolber, Christina Gar, Cornelia Then, Lorena Wanger, Vanessa Sacco, Friederike Banning, Anne L. Potzel, Stefanie Kern-Matschilles, Claudia Nevinny-Stickel-Hinzpeter, Harald Grallert, Nina Hesse, Jochen Seissler, Andreas Lechner
Summary: This study re-evaluated the prevailing hypothesis that metabolic syndrome components are central to all cases of T2DM. Results showed that a significant proportion of T2DM cases did not display any components of metabolic syndrome, indicating the existence of a second, unrelated pathophysiology.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
S. Rahnama, R. Spence, N. Vathsangam, C. L. Baskerville, S. R. Bailey, M. A. de Laat, S. T. Anderson, C. C. Pollitt, M. N. Sillence
Summary: The effects of insulin and IGF-1 on lamellar explants from healthy horses were studied, showing that each peptide acts through its own receptor and insulin may act through IGF-1R, either directly or indirectly. Results suggest that a therapeutic anti-IGF-1R mAb could be beneficial in treating or preventing endocrinopathic laminitis.
DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Allison Campolo, Matthew W. Frantz, Melody A. de Laat, Steven D. Hartson, Martin O. Furr, Veronique A. Lacombe
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Samira Rahnama, Niveditha Vathsangam, Robert Spence, Carlos E. Medina-Torres, Christopher C. Pollitt, Melody A. de Laat, Simon R. Bailey, Martin N. Sillence
Article
Veterinary Sciences
A. Meier, J. McGree, R. Klee, J. Preuss, D. Reiche, M. de Laat, M. Sillence
Summary: The Meier method provides a reliable and consistent way to monitor the clinical status of horses with HAL. Despite variability, the improvement pattern described in this study can serve as a useful benchmark for evaluating individual cases and new treatments.
BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
S. Rahnama, N. Vathsangam, R. Spence, S. T. Anderson, M. A. de Laat, S. Bailey, M. N. Sillence
Summary: Prolonged hyperinsulinemia may cause equine endocrinopathic laminitis, and only one of the tested human IGF-1R mAbs was found to effectively compete with IGF-1 in binding to equine lamellar tissue. This study has provided valuable information for the development of a therapeutic anti-IGF-1R mAb for horses.
DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Martin Sillence, Alexandra Meier, Melody de Laat, Rebecca Klee, Dania Reiche
Summary: This study investigated the factors associated with the rate of improvement in hyperinsulinaemia-associated laminitis (HAL) in 37 naturally-occurring cases. The results showed that younger horses and a modest increase in blood glucose and insulin concentrations are associated with delayed improvement in laminitis.
BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Poppy E. M. Sibthorpe, Danielle M. Fitzgerald, Lan Chen, Martin N. Sillence, Melody A. de Laat
Summary: The study aimed to investigate the effect of adding a starch-rich treat to the daily diet of ponies on enteroinsular responses to meal consumption. The results showed that after 10 days of eating the treat, carbohydrate absorption increased and the response of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) was enhanced, while blood glucose and insulin concentrations remained unchanged.
JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2022)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Fang I. Li, Robert J. Spence, Melody A. de Laat, Patricia A. Harris, Johanna Sonntag, Nicola J. Menzies-Gow, Andy E. Durham, Simon R. Bailey, Martin N. Sillence
Summary: High insulin levels may be associated with high ACTH levels in aged animals without clinical signs of PPID. Further research is needed to understand this interaction and its implications for ACTH diagnostic reference ranges.
EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Melody A. de Laat, Tobias Warnken, Julien Delarocque, Dania B. Reiche, Anne J. Grob, Karsten Feige, Harry B. Carslake, Andy E. Durham, Martin N. Sillence, Kristen E. Thane, Nicholas Frank, Johan Brojer, Sanna Lindase, Johanna Sonntag
Summary: This study evaluated the palatability of carbohydrate pellets for horses and ponies and their response to blood glucose and insulin, and established the diagnostic threshold for using these pellets in a glucose test.
JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Melody A. de Laat, Danielle M. Fitzgerald
Summary: Equine insulin dysregulation (ID) is characterized by increased insulin responses to oral carbohydrates or insulin resistance, leading to sustained or periodic hyperinsulinemia. This condition is associated with a higher risk of laminitis in horses, therefore better understanding of insulin and glucose homeostasis is needed. The enteroinsular axis (EIA) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plays a role in regulating insulin secretion, with incretin peptides such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2 increasing insulin responses. However, the function of other EIA peptides in horses, such as glicentin and oxyntomodulin, remains unexplored. This review discusses the current knowledge of EIA in horses and its contribution to ID, comparing it to research conducted in other species and highlighting areas for future research.
VETERINARY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Poppy E. M. Sibthorpe, Danielle M. Fitzgerald, Martin N. Sillence, Melody A. de Laat
Summary: This study investigated the secretion pattern of GLP-2 in healthy ponies and found that oral administration of synthetic GLP-2 increased its plasma concentration and altered blood glucose response. However, further studies with alternative dosing strategies for GLP-2 are needed.
EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Danielle M. Fitzgerald, Christina M. Cash, Kevin J. Dudley, Poppy E. M. Sibthorpe, Martin N. Sillence, Melody A. de Laat
Summary: This study investigated the role of active glucagon-like peptide-1 (aGLP-1) in equine insulin dysregulation (ID) and found that the difference in post-prandial aGLP-1 concentration was not due to a variant in the exons of the GCG gene sequence. The study also confirmed that both the large and small intestine are sites of GLP-1 secretion.
EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
M. A. de Laat, M. N. Sillence
Summary: Blood glucose concentration during an oral glucose test is aligned with equine metabolic syndrome or PPID, but cannot be used as stand-alone diagnostic markers of ID or PPID.
VETERINARY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Melody A. de Laat, Danielle M. Fitzgerald, Patricia A. Harris, Simon R. Bailey
Summary: The study aimed to determine whether blocking the GLP-1 receptor reduces the insulin response to a high glycemic meal. The results showed that using a GLP-1 receptor blocking peptide can partially reduce insulin production in response to a high starch, high glycemic index diet in ponies. The study confirmed the role of GLP-1 in excessive insulin production in ponies with insulin dysregulation and suggested that elevated levels of this incretin might be involved in the increased risk of laminitis.
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
M. A. de Laat, M. N. Sillence
ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE
(2020)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
L. Alibrandi, R. Tognetti, O. Domenech, M. Croce, M. Giuntoli, G. Grosso, T. Vezzosi
Summary: This study assessed the feasibility and diagnostic reliability of a new smartphone-based ECG device in dogs, and found no significant differences compared to a traditional ECG device. The results suggest that the smartphone-based device is clinically reliable for assessing heart rate and rhythm in dogs.
VETERINARY JOURNAL
(2024)