Mechanics of quantum and Sharvin conductors

Previously, the authors reported direct evidence of channel saturation and conductance quantization in atomic-sized gold constrictions through mechanical perturbation studies, and also showed that peaks in conductance histograms are insufficient in evaluating their mechanical stability [Armstrong et al., Phys. Rev. B 82, 195416 (2010)]. In the present study, gold constrictions spanning the range from quantum to semiclassical (Sharvin) conductance regimes are mechanically probed with picolevel resolution in applied force and deformation, along with simultaneous measurements of conductance. While reconfiguration from one constriction size to another is known to occur by apparently random discrete atomic displacements, results reveal a remarkable simplicity-the magnitude of discrete atomic displacements is limited to a small set of values that correspond to elementary slip distances in gold rather than Au-Au interatomic distance. Combined with measurements of the spring constant of constrictions, results reveal two fundamental crossovers in deformation modes with increasing contact diameter-first, from homogeneous shear to defect-mediated deformation at a diameter that is in close agreement with previous predictions [Sorensen et al., Phys. Rev. B 57, 3283 (1998)]; and second, the discovery of another crossover marking surface-to volume-dominated deformation. A remarkable modulus enhancement is observed when the size of the constrictions approaches the Fermi wavelength of the electrons, and in the limit of a single-atom constriction it is at least two times that for bulk gold. Results provide atomistic insight into the stability of these constrictions and an evolutionary trace of deformation modes, beginning with a single-atom contact.