Effect of irradiance and temperature on the photosynthesis of a cultivated red alga, Pyropia tenera (= Porphyra tenera), at the southern limit of distribution in Japan

The effect of irradiance and temperature on the photosynthesis of the red alga, Pyropia tenera, was determined for maricultured gametophytes and sporophytes collected from a region that is known as one of the southern limits of its distribution in Japan. Macroscopic gametophytes were examined using both pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometry and/or dissolved oxygen sensors. A model of the net photosynthesis-irradiance (P-E) relationship of the gametophytes at 12 degrees C revealed that the net photosynthetic rate quickly increased at irradiances below the estimated saturation irradiance of 46 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1), and the compensation irradiance was 9 mol photons m(-2) s(-1). Gross photosynthesis and dark respiration for the gametophytes were also determined over a range of temperatures (8-34 degrees C), revealing that the gross photosynthetic rates of 46.3 mu mol O-2 mg(chl-a)(-1) min(-1) was highest at 9.3 (95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI): 2.3-14.5)degrees C, and the dark respiration rate increased at a rate of 0.93 mu mol O-2 mg(chl-a)(-1) min(-1)degrees C-1. The measured dark respiration rates ranged from -0.06 mu mol O-2 mg(chl-a)(-1) min(-1) at 6 degrees C to -25.2 mu mol O-2 mg(chl-a)(-1) min(-1) at 34 degrees C. The highest value of the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) for the gametophytes occurred at 22.4 (BCI: 21.5-23.3) degrees C and was 0.48 (BCI: 0.475-0.486), although those of the sporophyte occurred at 12.9 (BCI: 7.4-15.1) degrees C and was 0.52 (BCI: 0.506-0.544). This species may be considered well-adapted to the current range of seawater temperatures in this region. However, since the gametophytes have such a low temperature requirement, they are most likely close to their tolerable temperatures in the natural environment.