Journal
PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Volume 100, Issue 3, Pages 229-238Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.04.006
Keywords
Cydia pomonella; Insecticides; Resistance mechanisms; Cross-resistance
Categories
Funding
- PENED
- European Union
- Hellenic State (Ministry of Development, General Secretariat for Research and Technology)
- Hellenic Private Sector
- Greek General Secretariat for Research and Technology
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Greece
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The codling moth Cydia pomonella L is controlled mostly with chemical insecticides in Greece and control failures have been reported. However, there are no insecticide resistance studies in the country as yet. We examined the insecticide resistance status of 33 and 38 populations of fifth-instar non-diapausing and diapausing larvae, respectively by applying bioassays, biochemical and DNA diagnostics. Diagnostic concentrations of azinphos-methyl, phosalone, deltamethrin, thiacloprid, fenoxycarb, tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide and diflubenzuron were used in bioassays. Almost all populations showed reduced susceptibility to at least one insecticide and approximately half of them to all insecticides examined compared to a laboratory susceptible strain used as reference. However, only one out of six populations tested showed reduced susceptibility in ovicidal tests with fenoxycarb. Cross-resistances were observed among most insecticides, except from the pairs fenoxycarb-phosalone and thiacloprid-phosalone, in non-diapausing larvae. The more obvious biochemical marker associated with the reduced susceptibility observed in both larval instars was elevated cytochrome P-450 Polysubstrate monooxygenases activity, followed by elevated glutathione-S-transferase activity and reduced carboxylesterases activity. Neither sodium channel nor AChE known resistance mutations were found in any of the approximately 1000 individuals of each larval instar screened with diagnostic PCR. Actions for Integrated Resistance Management and application of alternative control methods are discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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