In vitro assessment of interactions between appetite-regulating peptides in brain of goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Orexins, apelin, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) are important appetite-regulating factors produced by the brain of both mammals and fish. These peptide systems and their target areas are widely distributed within the central nervous system. Although morphological connections between some of these systems have been demonstrated in the brain, little is known about the functional interactions between these systems, in particular in fish. In order to better understand the interactions between appetite-related peptides, the effects of in vitro treatments of hindbrain, forebrain and hypothalamus - a major feeding regulating area - fragments with MCH, apelin and orexin on the expression of MCH, apelin, orexin, CART (forms 1 and 2) and NPY were assessed. Overall, the apelin and orexin systems stimulate each other and stimulate the NPY system while inhibiting the CART system, which is consistent with the known orexi-genic actions of these two peptides. The actions of MCH remain unclear: although it appears to interact positively with orexigenic systems - as it stimulates both the orexin and apelin systems and its expression is increased by apelin - it also increases the hypothalamic expression of CART2 - but not CART1 - an anorexigenic factor, and inhibits the NPY system in all brain regions examined. This study suggests that MCH, apelin, orexin, CART and NPY do influence each other within the brain of goldfish and that these interactions might differ in nature and strength according to the peptide form and the brain region considered. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.