Shocks, personality, and anxiety in patients with an implantable defibrillator

Background: Studies have examined the relationship between shocks and anxiety, but little is known about the role of personality. Our aim was to examine the determinants of self-reported and interviewer-rated anxiety following implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation. Methods: At baseline, that is, 0-3 weeks following ICD implantation, 308 ICD patients (82% men, mean age = 62.6 years) completed the DS14 (Type D personality) and ASI (anxiety sensitivity). The STAI (self-reported symptoms of state-anxiety) was assessed at baseline and follow-up, which was 2 months following ICD implantation. At this follow-up, the HAM-A interview (interviewer-rated anxiety) was assessed in a subsample (57%); the occurrence of ICD shocks was deduced from medical records. Results: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for repeated measures showed a significant interaction effect between time and shocks (F = 9.27, P = 0.003) with patients who had experienced a shock experiencing higher levels of self-reported anxiety at follow-up. The main effects of Type D personality (F = 33.42, P < 0.0001) and anxiety sensitivity (F = 66.31, P < 0.0001) were significant, indicating that these patients scored higher on self-reported anxiety across time points. Multivariable linear regression analyses yielded Type D personality (beta = 0.18, P = 0.021) and anxiety sensitivity (beta = 0.19, P = 0.016), but not shocks, as independent predictors of interviewer-rated anxiety. Covariates included gender, marital status, education, age, ICD indication, cardiac history, and comorbidity. Conclusions: Type D personality and anxiety sensitivity were independent predictors of both self-reported and interviewer-rated anxiety outcomes while ICD shocks were related to an increase in levels of self-reported anxiety only. Identification and support of ICD patients with Type D personality, increased anxiety sensitivity, or shocks is important.