The transmembrane chemokines CXCL16 and CX3CL1 and their receptors are expressed in human meningiomas

Meningiomas are common slowly growing benign tumors, however, anaplastic meningiomas have an aggressive biological and clinical behavior associated with high rates of recurrence and unfavorable prognosis. Since the molecular mechanisms involved in progression of meningiomas are not yet fully understood and recent investigations have suggested a possible role of chemokines in tumor biology, the aim of the study was to investigate the expression of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and CXCL16/CXCR6 on mRNA and protein level in human meningiomas. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and double immunostaining techniques were used for the investigations. We showed that mRNA and protein expression of the chemokine/receptor pairs CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and CXCL16/CXCR6 were detectable in human meningioma samples. Double immunostaining revealed that the chemokines/receptors were predominantly expressed in the tumor cells themselves, in infiltrating microglia cells/macrophages and endothelial cells of blood vessels. Nevertheless, not all cells of different kinds were positive for different chemokine/receptors. Of note, in comparison to more benign meningioma samples, CX3CR1 and CXCL16 were found to be expressed at lower levels in anaplastic variants. Moreover, a positive correlation between expression levels of ligands and corresponding receptors could be observed for some malignancy grades. Taken together, these results showed that chemokines and their receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of human meningiomas. Our results provide an interesting basis for further investigations that should be performed to characterize the functional roles of chemokines and their receptors in human meningiomas, and also enhance future therapeutic design.