Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Md Kamruzzaman, Michael Horowitz, Karen L. Jones, Chinmay S. Marathe
Summary: Postprandial glycemic control is crucial for optimal management of type 2 diabetes, with the gastrointestinal tract playing a significant role. Various strategies, such as slowing gastric emptying and stimulating the incretin hormone GLP-1, have been proposed to modulate gastrointestinal function and improve postprandial glycaemia.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Chantal Mathieu, Iraj Ahmadzai
Summary: This review examines the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, specifically in type 1 diabetes, and concludes that they can lower weight and required insulin doses. However, their effects on glucose control and hypoglycemia vary depending on study protocols. Side effects include gastrointestinal complaints. The potential use of GLP-1 receptor agonists in other forms of diabetes is briefly discussed, but current evidence is limited.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Mads J. Skytte, Amirsalar Samkani, Arne Astrup, Jan Frystyk, Jens F. Rehfeld, Jens J. Holst, Sten Madsbad, Keith Burling, Mogens Fenger, Mads N. Thomsen, Thomas M. Larsen, Thure Krarup, Steen B. Haugaard
Summary: Research suggests that a 6-week carbohydrate-restricted diet can significantly reduce postprandial glucose fluctuations, improve insulin secretion, and increase subjective satiety in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
R. Nisha Aurora, Naresh M. Punjabi
Summary: The study found that in adults with type 2 diabetes, the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with postprandial hyperglycemia after dinner, but not after breakfast or lunch. This association was present in men but not in women.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Kohei Kaku, Takashi Kadowaki, Yutaka Seino, Taro Okamoto, Masayoshi Shirakawa, Asako Sato, Edward A. O'Neill, Samuel S. Engel, Keith D. Kaufman
Summary: Adding ipragliflozin 50 mg once daily to sitagliptin 50 mg once daily monotherapy significantly improved glycemic control and was generally well tolerated in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
DIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Chuanyan Wu, Yan Borne, Rui Gao, Maykel Lopez Rodriguez, William C. Roell, Jonathan M. Wilson, Ajit Regmi, Cheng Luan, Dina Mansour Aly, Andreas Peter, Juergen Machann, Harald Staiger, Andreas Fritsche, Andreas L. Birkenfeld, Rongya Tao, Robert Wagner, Mickael Canouil, Mun-Gwan Hong, Jochen M. Schwenk, Emma Ahlqvist, Minna U. Kaikkonen, Peter Nilsson, Angela C. Shore, Faisel Khan, Andrea Natali, Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, Jan Nilsson, Hans-Ulrich Haering, Erik Renstrom, Claes B. Wollheim, Gunnar Engstrom, Jianping Weng, Ewan R. Pearson, Paul W. Franks, Morris F. White, Kevin L. Duffin, Allan Arthur Vaag, Markku Laakso, Norbert Stefan, Leif Groop, Yang De Marinis
Summary: The study shows that elevated plasma follistatin levels are associated with an increased risk of T2D and adipose tissue insulin resistance, suggesting a potential role of follistatin in the development of T2D and related metabolic disorders.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Fiona Louise Roberts, Luis Rodrigo Cataldo, Malin Fex
Summary: Recent studies have highlighted the important role of serotonin and melatonin as regulators of islet hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis. Dysregulated signaling of both amines is implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serotonin plays a key role in islet cell physiology, while melatonin regulates circadian rhythm and nutrient metabolism.
TRENDS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Belinda Yau, Sheyda Naghiloo, Alexis Diaz-Vegas, Austin V. Carr, Julian Van Gerwen, Elise J. Needham, Dillon Jevon, Sing-Young Chen, Kyle L. Hoehn, Amanda E. Brandon, Laurence Macia, Gregory J. Cooney, Michael R. Shortreed, Lloyd M. Smith, Mark P. Keller, Peter Thorn, Mark Larance, David E. James, Sean J. Humphrey, Melkam A. Kebede
Summary: Pancreatic islets are crucial for maintaining blood glucose levels, with declining function being a characteristic of type 2 diabetes. A detailed proteomic analysis of mouse islets from various genetic or diet-induced models revealed that most proteins are expressed in all strains and diets, but with varying levels due to genetics. Islet mitochondrial function was identified as a major positive indicator of metabolic health across different strains.
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Kevin Verhoeff, Braulio A. Marfil-Garza, Zofia Czarnecka, Nerea Cuesta-Gomez, Ila Tewari Jasra, Nidheesh Dadheech, Peter A. Senior, A. M. James Shapiro
Summary: Historically, only patients with certain types of diabetes have been considered for islet transplantation. However, with the development of stem cell-derived transplantation and the reclassification of diabetes subtypes, it may soon be justifiable to consider a broader patient population for this procedure. This review evaluates the potential of islet transplantation for different diabetes subtypes and explores unique transplant features that need to be taken into account.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Iurii Stafeev, Igor Sklyanik, Elizaveta Mamontova, Svetlana Michurina, Ekaterina Shestakova, Kamil Yah'yaev, Anatoliy Yurasov, Denis Masnikov, Maria Sineokaya, Elizaveta Ratner, Alexander Vorotnikov, Mikhail Menshikov, Yelena Parfyonova, Marina Shestakova
Summary: The study found equal levels of basal phosphorylation of insulin- and mTOR-dependent signaling in omental fat depot in both NGT and T2DM obese patients, but pNDRG1-T346 was decreased in omental fat of T2DM patients. pNDRG1-T346 may be related to impairment in incretin hormone processing and serve as a marker of diabetes-associated impairments of the systemic incretin profile and insulin sensitivity.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Benjamin Burggraaf, Nadine M. C. Pouw, Salvador Fernandez Arroyo, Leonie C. Van Vark-van der Zee, Gert-Jan M. Van de Geijn, Erwin Birnie, Jeannine Huisbrink, Ellen M. van der Zwan, Wouter W. de Herder, Monique T. Mulder, Patrick C. N. Rensen, Manuel Castro Cabezas
Summary: Treatment with dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus leads to a reduction in fasting chylomicron remnants and an increase in postprandial ketone bodies, potentially due to a decrease in the insulin-glucagon ratio and enhanced hepatic fatty acid oxidation.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Eiji Kawasaki
Summary: Anti-islet autoantibodies are crucial markers for immune-mediated type 1 diabetes (T1D) and slowly progressive T1D (SPIDDM) or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). They are used for diagnosis, pathological analysis, and prediction of T1D. Different autoantibodies serve different purposes, such as reflecting insulitis or pancreatic & beta-cell destruction. Combinatorial analysis of these autoantibodies helps diagnose immune-mediated T1D, while a lack of autoantibodies is associated with fulminant T1D. Evaluating the epitopes and subclasses of these autoantibodies aids in distinguishing diabetes-associated from non-diabetes-associated autoantibodies and predicting future insulin deficiency. New advancements in autoantibody assays can improve the accuracy of diagnosis and prediction of autoimmune disorders.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Anna Solini, Domenico Trico, Stefano Del Prato
Summary: Major cardiovascular outcome trials and real-life observations have shown that GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) provide clinically relevant cardiovascular protection regardless of GLP-1 homology. GLP-1RAs offer cardioprotective benefits through various mechanisms, including improved insulin secretion and action, weight loss, reduced blood pressure, improved lipid profile, as well as direct effects on the heart and vasculature. The available evidence has led professional and medical societies to recommend GLP-1RAs for reducing cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Ashleigh R. Homer, Frances C. Taylor, Paddy C. Dempsey, Michael J. Wheeler, Parneet Sethi, Melanie K. Townsend, Megan S. Grace, Daniel J. Green, Neale D. Cohen, Robyn N. Larsen, Bronwyn A. Kingwell, Neville Owen, David W. Dunstan
Summary: Interrupting prolonged sitting with 6-minute bouts of simple resistance activities every 60 minutes significantly reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses in adults with medication-controlled type 2 diabetes. Other frequencies of interruptions and potential longer-term benefits require further examination for clinical relevance.
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Anneliese J. S. Flatt, Carla J. Greenbaum, James A. M. Shaw, Michael R. Rickels
Summary: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by loss and dysfunction of pancreatic islet beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Assessment of beta cell secretory capacity can detect the loss of beta cells during a presymptomatic phase of autoimmune attack. Islet transplantation can restore physiologic reserve capacity for insulin secretion.
ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Sten Madsbad, Jens J. Holst
Summary: GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are effective in treating type 2 diabetes and promoting weight loss. Different GLP-1 RAs have varying efficacy in reducing blood sugar, body weight, and cardiovascular events. Some GLP-1 RAs are recommended for patients with established cardiovascular diseases or multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOT) provide guidance for individual treatment decisions.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Liva S. L. Krogh, Kristine Henriksen, Signe Stensen, Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen, Natasha C. Bergmann, Joachim Storling, Mette M. Rosenkilde, Bolette Hartmann, Jens J. Holst, Laerke S. Gasbjerg, Filip K. Knop
Summary: The effects of GIP(1-30)NH2 on glucose and bone metabolism in humans and in isolated human pancreatic islets are similar to those of GIP(1-42).
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Marthe Isaksen Aukan, Silje Skarvold, Ingrid Ofsti Brandsaeter, Jens Frederik Rehfeld, Jens Juul Holst, Siren Nymo, Silvia Coutinho, Catia Martins
Summary: This study aimed to compare changes in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings after weight loss induced by a very low-energy diet alone or in combination with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The results showed that SG and RYGB led to more significant changes in gastrointestinal hormones compared with diet alone, while appetite ratings decreased in all groups.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Nanna Thurmann Jorgensen, Trine Moller Erichsen, Morten Buus Jorgensen, Thomas Idorn, Bo Feldt-Rasmussen, Jens J. Holst, Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen, Marianne Klose
Summary: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different treatment regimens on glucose, insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, and GIP secretion in patients with active acromegaly. The results showed that treatment with SSA impaired GIP response and other hormone responses. Co-treatment with PEG increased insulin and glucagon secretion compared to treatment with SSA alone. PEG may exert its action through GH-receptors on pancreatic delta-cells.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Niels B. Dalsgaard, Laerke S. Gasbjerg, Mads M. Helsted, Laura S. Hansen, Nina L. Hansen, Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen, Bolette Hartmann, Jens J. Holst, Tina Vilsboll, Filip K. Knop
Summary: In patients with type 2 diabetes, treatment with acarbose reduces the postprandial suppression of bone resorption, possibly due to increased secretion of the gut hormone GLP-1. The impairment of bone resorption suppression caused by acarbose may be partially reversed by GLP-1 receptor antagonism. Additionally, acarbose-induced reductions in other factors, such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, may also contribute to this phenomenon.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Rasmus M. Sandsdal, Christian R. Juhl, Simon B. K. Jensen, Julie R. Lundgren, Charlotte Janus, Martin B. Blond, Mads Rosenkilde, Adrian F. Bogh, Lasse Gliemann, B. Jensen Jens-Erik, Charalambos Antoniades, Bente M. Stallknecht, Jens J. Holst, Sten Madsbad, Signe S. Torekov
Summary: This study investigated the effects of exercise, a GLP-1 RA, or the combination on metabolic syndrome severity, abdominal obesity, and inflammation. The findings suggest that exercise, liraglutide treatment, or the combination can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, as well as decrease the severity of metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, and inflammation.
CARDIOVASCULAR DIABETOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Henriette H. Nerild, Andreas Bronden, Ida M. Gether, Pernille H. Hellmann, Mille Baekdal, Matthew P. Gillum, Jens S. Svenningsen, Bolette Hartmann, Naveen Rathor, Hanna Angelene Kudiyanur Muniraju, Jens F. Rehfeld, Jens J. Holst, Tina Vilsboll, David P. Sonne, Filip K. Knop
Summary: In this study, it was found that Liraglutide treatment is associated with gallbladder-related disorders and can delay postprandial gallbladder refilling. The gut hormones CCK, FGF19, and GLP-2, which regulate gallbladder motility, may be implicated in these disorders.
DIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM
(2023)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Daniel J. Drucker, Jens J. Holst
Summary: Incretin hormones, such as GIP and GLP-1, play a crucial role in regulating insulin secretion and glucagon secretion. The receptors for these hormones are not only found in the pancreas but also in various other organs, suggesting a wide range of actions. The therapeutic potential of GIP and GLP-1 in treating type 2 diabetes and obesity is currently being explored.
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
David S. Ludwig, Jens J. Holst
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jens Juul Holst
Summary: Glucagon was discovered as a contaminant of early insulin preparations in 1923 and its hormonal nature was established in the 1950s with the development of radioimmunoassay. Its role in hepatic glucose production and diabetic hyperglycemia has been recognized, but there are still unresolved issues regarding the measurement of glucagon and its extrapancreatic sources.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Stephen P. Ashcroft, Sara L. Jepsen, Amy M. Ehrlich, Jonas T. Treebak, Jens J. Holst, Juleen R. Zierath
Summary: This study introduces a protocol to investigate the release and uptake of metabolites in specific tissues during exercise. It includes steps for treadmill running of mice and sampling of blood from the liver and hindlimb muscles, providing insights into tissue-specific metabolism.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Kasper B. Kristensen, Ajenthen G. Ranjan, Olivia M. McCarthy, Jens J. Holst, Richard M. Bracken, Kirsten Norgaard, Signe Schmidt
Summary: A low-carbohydrate-high-protein (LCHP) pre-exercise meal can reduce plasma glucose variability around exercise and diminish the drop in plasma glucose over exercise compared to a high-carbohydrate-low-protein (HCLP) meal.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
August Pilegaard Prahm, Mark Krogh Hvistendahl, Christopher Filtenborg Brandt, Paul Blanche, Bolette Hartmann, Jens Juul Holst, Palle Bekker Jeppesen
Summary: This study compared the effects of three iso-energetic meals with different macronutrient compositions on postprandial secretion of GLP-2, PYY, and GIP. The results showed that a high protein meal had the highest stimulatory effect on GLP-2 and PYY secretion, while a high carbohydrate meal was most effective for GIP.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Marie Winther-Sorensen, Ida Marie Kemp, Hanne Cathrine Bisgaard, Jens Juul Holst, Nicolai J. Wewer Albrechtsen
Summary: The isolated perfused liver allows study of liver biology and metabolism, separated from external factors, and can be used to evaluate the direct effects of compounds on the liver.
JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Roberto Visentin, Katrine Brodersen, Bjorn Richelsen, Niels Moller, Chiara Dalla Man, Andreas Kristian Pedersen, Jan Abrahamsen, Jens Juul Holst, Michael Festersen Nielsen
Summary: The early improvement in glucose tolerance in obese T2D patients after bariatric surgery is mainly due to increased insulin secretion and glucose effectiveness, with insulin sensitivity playing a minor role.
JOURNAL OF DIABETES RESEARCH
(2023)