Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Michael T. T. McCann, Elena Guardincerri, Samuel M. M. Gonzales, Lauren A. A. Misurek, Jennifer L. L. Schei, Marc L. L. Klasky
Summary: We propose a method for material identification in radiographs without energy-resolved measurements. Our method allows standard X-ray systems to provide material identification information, avoiding the need for additional hardware. We present a branch and bound algorithm for efficiently solving the combinatorial optimization problem considering scatter and unknown gain. Experimental results show that our algorithm can achieve efficient and accurate material identification in various scenarios.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL IMAGING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Antonino Buttacavoli, Fabio Principato, Gaetano Gerardi, Manuele Bettelli, Andrea Zappettini, Paul Seller, Matthew C. Veale, Silvia Zanettini, Leonardo Abbene
Summary: High-flux X-ray measurements require mitigation of pile-up and dead time effects. This study presents the performance of CZT pixel detectors equipped with digital shapers for high-energy resolution and throughput, showing improvements in energy resolution, time stability, and pile-up.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Martina Sammartini, Massimo Gandola, Filippo Mele, Bruno Garavelli, Daniele Macera, Pietro Pozzi, Giuseppe Bertuccio
Summary: The study has developed a spectroscopic system based on a pixel CdTe detector for X- and gamma-ray spectroscopic imaging applications, demonstrating the system's capability to achieve high energy resolution and spectroscopic performance even at very short signal processing times.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Y. Hsiao, Z. Ling, C. Zhang, W. Wang, Q. Zhou, X. Wang, S. -N. Zhanga, W. Yuan
Summary: In recent years, scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (sCMOS) devices have been widely used in X-ray detection due to their high frame rate, low dark current, high radiation tolerance, and low readout noise. This study tested the performance of a backside-illuminated sCMOS sensor with a small pixel size and investigated the effect of depletion depth on its performance. The results showed that a sensor with a deeper depletion region achieved better energy resolution and higher efficiency in collecting photoelectrons produced by X-ray photons.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Alberto Manfreda
Summary: On December 9th, 2021, the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) was launched and began scientific observations on January 11th, 2022. It is equipped with three telescopes that provide simultaneous polarimetric, spatial, spectroscopic, and temporal information. The mission aims to measure the polarization of celestial objects in the soft X-ray band for the first time.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2023)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
B. Zat'ko, A. Sagatova, N. Gal, A. Novak, J. Osvald, P. Bohacek, S. Polansky, J. Jakubek, E. Kovacova
Summary: In this study, Schottky detectors based on a high-quality 4H-SiC epitaxial layer were prepared and tested for their spectrometric and imaging properties. The results showed high energy resolution and high-quality X-ray imaging capabilities.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
S. Donato, L. M. Arana Pena, D. Bonazza, V Formoso, R. Longo, G. Tromba, L. Brombal
Summary: X-ray phase-contrast coupled with high-spatial resolution imaging systems allows for the distinction of soft tissue structures in small samples, making it suitable for X-ray virtual histology. This study optimized acquisition parameters and used a suitable phase retrieval filter to achieve virtual histology imaging of breast surgery specimens.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Neil Moffat, Richard Bates
Summary: Small pixel Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) have the potential to detect sub-1 keV photons with high spatial resolution, but current process technology limits the fill factor to 0% for a 55 μm pixel. Increasing the pixel pitch to 110 μm or 220 μm can improve the fill factor by minimizing distortions in the electric field near the protective structures.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hao Li, Zhaowei Teng, Min Zhou, Tao Ji, Yang Yue, Hui Ying Yang, Jianbei Qiu, Qingyuan Wang, Xuhui Xu, Xue Yu
Summary: Researchers have developed an organic metal halide scintillator that can address the light scattering issue in X-ray imaging. This scintillator has thermoplastic characteristics and can be used as an adhesive paint, fundamentally solving the problem of light scattering. It has good processability and recyclability, making it suitable for the development of low-cost X-ray detectors and imagers.
ACS MATERIALS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
M. Hammer, K. Yoshii, A. Miceli
Summary: This paper presents new strategies to improve the frame rate of X-ray pixel detectors by utilizing data compression schemes, including in-pixel compression and zero-suppression compression schemes. These schemes can effectively increase the off-chip bandwidth.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Stergios Tsigaridas, Silvia Zanettini, Manuele Bettelli, Nicola Sarzi Amade, Davide Calestani, Cyril Ponchut, Andrea Zappettini
Summary: Development of pixelated sensors made from CdZnTe crystals grown by Boron oxide encapsulated vertical Bridgman technique for direct detection of X-rays in the energy range 30-100 keV has shown promising performance, with reasonable uniformity and low leakage current values achieved despite issues related to single-chip fabrication procedure.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Massimo Minuti, Carmelo Sgro, Luca Baldini, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Alessandro Brez, Simone Castellano, Niccolo Di Lalla, Luca Latronico, Simone Maldera, Alberto Manfreda, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Gloria Spandre, Mattia Barbanera, Saverio Citraro, Leonardo Lucchesi, Carlo Magazzu, Guido Magazzu, Paolo Mereu, Federico Mosti, Alessio Nuti, Leonardo Orsini, Hikmat Nasimi, Michele Pinchera, Davide Zanetti, Fabio Borotto, Marco Ceccanti, Marco Marengo, Alessandro Profeti, Ciro Caporale, Claudia Cardelli, Marcello Tardiola, Fabrizio Amici, Primo Attina, Matteo Bachetti, Daniele Brienza, Mauro Centrone, Enrico Costa, Ettore Del Monte, Sergio Di Cosimo, Alessandro Di Marco, Giuseppe Di Persio, Yuri Evangelista, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Fabio La Monaca, Carlo Lefevre, Pasqualino Loffredo, Alfredo Morbidini, Fabio Muleri, Matteo Perri, Raffaele Piazzolla, Maura Pilia, John Rankin, Ajay Ratheesh, Alda Rubini, Francesco Santoli, Emanuele Scalise, Paolo Soffitta, Antonino Tobia, Alessio Trois, Fei Xie, Rita Carpentiero, Marco Castronuovo, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Fabio D'Amico, Immacolata Donnarumma, Barbara Negri, Simonetta Puccetti, Luca Cavalli, Elisa D'Alba, Paolo Lorenzi, Elio Mangraviti, Paolo Sarra, Andrea Sciortino, Marco Vimercati, Stefano Pieraccini, Francesco Zanetti
Summary: With the specialization of VLSI ASICs for front-end signal processing electronics, customization of the control back-end electronics (BEE) is crucial for maximizing ASIC performance. In space missions, designing and qualifying such integrated systems pose significant challenges due to power and reliability constraints. This paper reviews the design and performance of BEE systems used in low Earth orbit (LEO) for two years, specifically for reading custom ASICs in gas pixel detectors at the core of the IXPE mission, aiming to measure X-ray polarization in the 2-8 keV energy range.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
R. Nishimura, S. Kishimoto, T. Sasaki, S. Mitsui, M. Shinya, Y. Arai, T. Miyoshi
Summary: INTPIX4NA is an integration-type silicon-on-insulator pixel detector developed for residual stress measurement using X-rays. It demonstrates good performance with high modulation transfer function and energy resolution.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2021)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Marco Carminati, Matteo Gugiatti, Daniel Siegmann, Korbinian Urban, Pietro King, Frank Edzards, Peter Lechner, Susanne Mertens, Carlo Fiorini
Summary: We present the first experimental results achieved using a monolithic array of 166 Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD). The goal of the TRISTAN experiment was to search for a sterile neutrino in the keV mass range through accurate Beta spectroscopy of Tritium decay. We provided a brief report on the design and characterization of the full signal chain, including the SDD array, acquisition platform, and achieved energy resolution.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2023)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
S. Tsigaridas, C. Ponchut, O. Tolbanov, A. Tyazhev, A. Zarubin
Summary: Chromium-compensated Gallium Arsenide (GaAs:Cr) sensors show promise for use in pixel detectors for X-ray imaging applications in the 20-50 keV range, but exhibit non-uniformities due to microscopic crystal defects. By using a micro-focused X-ray beam, sensitivity maps and mobility-lifetime products at the pixel level can be extracted to confirm the direct link between non-uniformities and microscopic defects in sensor performance. The efficient use of such sensors in X-ray imaging applications relies on their stability over irradiation-time.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2021)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Jinlu Ruan, Liang Chen, Pengxiao Xu, Yapeng Zhang, Xue Du, Hongqiao Yin, Shiyi He, Fangbao Wang, Xun Zhang, Xiaoping Ouyang
Summary: A new SiC detector with a faster time response was developed to improve the temporal response of SiC-HPMTs. The improved SiC-HPMT showed significantly enhanced temporal response compared to the previous SiC-HPMT, and it can accurately measure the time information of fast pulsed radiation fields.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Kevin Nash
Summary: This article discusses the need for extensive upgrades of the LHC detectors, particularly the Outer Tracker, due to the demanding conditions and radiation of the High Luminosity LHC scenario. The design choices, technological approaches, and R&D activities for the Outer Tracker Phase-2 upgrade are highlighted.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
S. A. Wotton
Summary: The hadron particle identification provided by LHCb's RICH system is crucial for the success of the experiment, and it will continue to play a significant role in Upgrade II. To maintain the current excellent particle identification performance, substantial improvements in the precision of measuring the space and time coordinates of detected photons in the RICH and in the resolution of the reconstructed Cherenkov angle are required.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
R. Cardarelli, A. Rocchi, G. Aielli, P. Camarri, A. Di Ciaccio, L. Di Stante, B. Liberti, E. Pastori, L. Pizzimento, G. Proto
Summary: The Resistive Cylindrical Chamber (RCC) is a new generation of gaseous particle detectors that overcome the limitations of Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) and expand their application range. By transitioning from planar to cylindrical geometry, while maintaining an almost planar electric field, the RCC achieves improved detection efficiency, increased gas pressure, and the possibility of using eco-friendly gases.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Giacomo Volpe
Summary: The ALICE collaboration is proposing a new apparatus, ALICE 3, to investigate the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) properties. In this context, conceptual studies for the development of a RICH detector for ALICE 3 are ongoing. The proposed baseline layout is a proximity-focusing RICH, using aerogel as Cherenkov radiator and Silicon Photomultipliers for photon detection. The detector specifications and performance obtained by Monte Carlo simulation are presented, along with the R&D challenges related to the design.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
M. G. Mazarakis, E. Jongewaard, J. Ellsworth
Summary: This report presents experimental data and a step-by-step technique for evaluating the work functions of thermionic cathodes. The experiments were conducted using small-sized thermionic cathodes provided by Spectra-Mat corporation. The cathode electron current emission work function is emphasized as a crucial parameter for selecting cathodes in various applications.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
M. Loyd, A. Khaplanov, V. Sedov, J. Beal, T. Visscher, C. Donahue, C. Montcalm, G. Warren, R. Butz, C. Boone, C. Hart, R. Riedel, Y. Diawara
Summary: Thermal and cold neutron beamlines require detector systems with high efficiency, large active area, and good spatial resolution. This study presents a new design of Anger camera using silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) instead of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), offering better resolution, less distortion, and more compactness. The use of SiPMs also enables the camera to be used in strong magnetic fields, providing additional experimental capabilities.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Thomas Neulinger, Hanno Filter, Oliver Zimmer
Summary: This paper describes the mathematical foundation for analyzing vertical time-of-flight (TOF) measurements using ultracold neutrons (UCN). It enables the spectroscopy of UCN with kinetic energies below the neutron optical potential of the detector entrance window. The paper provides general treatment methods and transformation rules for converting vertical TOF spectra into other spectra of interest.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Huynh Dinh Chuong, Nguyen Huynh Duy Khang, Le Thi Ngoc Trang, Nguyen Thi Truc Linh, Truong Thanh Sang, Nguyen Thanh Dat, Hoang Duc Tam
Summary: This paper presents a comparative study of three models, including virtual point detector (VPD), curve fitting (CF), and machine learning (ML), in determining the full-energy peak efficiency (FEPE) of HPGe detector. The study found that the ML model outperforms VPD and CF models in terms of accuracy.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
M. H. Kushoro, M. Angelone, D. Bozzi, G. Gorini, F. La Via, E. Perelli Cippo, M. Pillon, M. Tardocchi, M. Rebai
Summary: This paper presents the characterization of a series of SiC detectors operated with partial polarization, achieving excellent energy resolution and detection characteristics for both alpha particles and neutrons. The results demonstrate the potential of SiC detectors for fast neutron detection in fusion experiments. The limitations and challenges for manufacturing thick SiCs in the future are also discussed.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Deb Sankar Bhattacharya, Andrea Bressan, Chandradoy Chatterjee, Silvia Dalla Torre, Mauro Gregori, Alexander Kiselev, Stefano Levorato, Anna Martin, Saverio Minutoli, Mikhail Osipenko, Richa Rai, Marco Ripani, Fulvio Tessarotto, Triloki Triloki
Summary: In this article, we report on the measurement of the time resolution of an LAPPD prototype using Cherenkov radiation emitted by high energy hadrons. Our approach has demonstrated the capability of measuring time resolutions as fine as 25-30 ps. The measured time resolution for single photoelectrons is about 80 ps r.m.s.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Bharti Rohila, S. R. Abhilash, Diwanshu, Chetan Sharma, Devinder Mehta, Ashok Kumar
Summary: Self-supporting and Au backed Ag-107 targets have been fabricated using a combination of cold rolling and e-beam melting technique. The method is efficient, resulting in targets without significant material loss or major contamination. Various techniques have been used for thickness measurements and characterizations, and one of the fabricated targets has been successfully used in a nuclear physics experiment.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
B. Kronheim, A. Belloni, T. K. Edberg, S. C. Eno, C. Howe, C. Palmer, C. Papageorgakis, M. Paranjpe, S. Sriram
Summary: This paper presents measurements of the relative decrease of light output during irradiation of small plastic scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers. The study found substantial temporary damage during low-temperature irradiation, regardless of oxygen concentration and wrapping material. The wrapping material had an impact on the relative light loss, with the 3M(TM) Enhanced Specular Reflector Film showing the largest loss. The light loss was less at warmer temperatures and similar to that in standard atmosphere with 3% oxygen concentration. Evidence of a plateau in the radical density was seen for the data at 0 degrees C.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
V. V. Haurylavets, V. K. Ivanov, A. V. Korol, A. V. Solov'yov
Summary: Computational modeling of high-energy electron passage through crystalline media is conducted using relativistic molecular dynamics. The results show good agreement with experimental data, demonstrating the accuracy of the simulations. Minor discrepancies between theory and experiment are discussed.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Luca Quaglia, R. Cardarelli, B. Liberti, E. Pastori, G. Proto, L. Pizzimento, A. Rocchi, G. Aielli, P. Camarri, A. Di Ciacco, L. Di Stante, R. Santonico, D. Boscherini, A. Bruni, L. Massa, A. Polini, M. Romano, L. Benussi, S. Bianco, D. Piccolo, G. Saviano, M. Abbrescia, L. Congedo, M. De Serio, G. Galati, G. Pugliese, S. Simone, D. Ramos, P. Salvini, A. Samalan, M. Tytgat, N. Zaganidis, J. Eysermans, A. Ferretti, M. Gagliardi, L. Terlizzi, E. Vercellin, P. Dupieux, B. Joly, S. P. Manen, R. Guida, B. Mandelli, G. Rigoletti, M. Barroso, M. C. Arena, A. Pastore, R. Aly, M. Verzeroli, S. Buontempo
Summary: Resistive Plate Chamber detectors are widely used in current High Energy Physics experiments. However, efforts are being made to find eco-friendly gas alternatives to Tetrafluoroethane. The RPC EcoGas@GIF++ collaboration aims to improve RPC technology, evaluate the performance of RPCs with eco-friendly gas mixtures, and conduct aging tests.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)