Review
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Cynthia H. McCollough, Kishore Rajendran, Shuai Leng
Summary: Computed tomography (CT) images are highly quantitative and display anatomic structures in 3D. They are used for various applications, such as 3D printing of anatomical models and radiation therapy treatment planning. CT numbers, derived from pixel intensity, represent the x-ray attenuation coefficient and are widely used for quantitative measurements. However, the dependence of CT numbers on x-ray beam spectra limits their robust application. This article reviews the challenges faced by CT and introduces the benefits of photon-counting detector (PCD) CT technology, such as multienergy capability and improved spatial resolution.
INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zetian Yang, Jieqi Hu, David Van der Heggen, Ang Feng, Hairong Hu, Henk Vrielinck, Philippe F. Smet, Dirk Poelman
Summary: Flexible X-ray storage phosphor sheets are considered as promising alternatives to conventional electronic flat-panel X-ray detectors. This article proposes a method that utilizes radiation-induced photoluminescence tuning in phosphors for X-ray imaging and dosimetry. The method demonstrates good memory retention and cycling performance, with potential applications in X-ray therapy and nondestructive inspection.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Abdallah El-Falou, Ahmet Camlica, Reza Mohammadi, Peter M. Levine, Karim S. Karim
Summary: The study presents the design and characterization of a monolithic single-photon-counting X-ray detector integrating an amorphous semiconductor sensor. Experimental results demonstrate high spatial resolution for capturing 60-keV photons and potential applications in high count rate X-ray diagnostic fields.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
P. Grybos, R. Kleczek, P. Kmon, P. Otfinowski, P. Fajardo, D. Magalhaes, M. Ruat
Summary: This paper presents the design and measurement results of a prototype SPHIRD-1 ASIC in the CMOS 40 nm process. The chip is dedicated to high count rate single photon counting operation at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The measurements demonstrate the feasibility of high count rate counting based on the chip's design and parameters.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS II-EXPRESS BRIEFS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Kevin Treb, Jeff Radtke, Wesley S. Culberson, Ke Li
Summary: In photon counting detectors, the accumulation of electric pulses induced by multiple x-ray photons can lead to count losses. This study introduces an inexpensive readout circuit element to collect time-integrated charge to correct for pile-up-induced count losses. Experimental results demonstrate that this correction method can restore the count accuracy of paralyzable photon counting detectors, without impacting the spatial resolution of the images.
PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Andreas Pfenning, Sebastian Krueger, Fauzia Jabeen, Lukas Worschech, Fabian Hartmann, Sven Hoefling
Summary: Optical quantum information science and technologies require the ability to generate, control, and detect single or multiple quanta of light. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors and single-photon avalanche diodes are currently the top performers in this field, but other promising devices are emerging. This review article focuses on a specific alternative single-photon detector - the resonant tunneling diode - and discusses its advantages, limitations, and potential improvements.
Article
Optics
Jingyuan Zheng, You Xiao, Mingzhong Hu, Yuchen Zhao, Hao Li, Lixing You, Xue Feng, Fang Liu, Kaiyu Cui, Yidong Huang, Wei Zhang
Summary: In this work, a photon counting reconstructive spectrometer combining metasurfaces and superconducting nano-wire single-photon detectors is proposed. The prototype device fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator substrate supports spectral reconstruction of mono-color lights with a resolution of 2 nm in the wavelength region of 1500-1600 nm. The experiment results demonstrate its potential to be applied in scenarios requiring real-time measurement.
PHOTONICS RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xieming Xu, Yiheng Wu, Yi Zhang, Xiaohui Li, Fang Wang, Xiaoming Jiang, Shaofan Wu, Shuaihua Wang
Summary: This study reports a 2D (C4H9NH3)(2)PbBr4 single crystal with outstanding sensitivity and stability towards X-ray radiation, providing an ultra-wide detectable X-ray range between 8.20 nGy(air) s(-1) (50 keV) and 15.24 mGy(air) s(-1) (9 MeV). The (C4H9NH3)(2)PbBr4 single crystal detector is used for high-performance X-ray imaging, delivering a good spatial resolution of 4.3 lp mm(-1) in a plane-scan imaging system.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Massimo Minuti, Carmelo Sgro, Luca Baldini, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Alessandro Brez, Simone Castellano, Niccolo Di Lalla, Luca Latronico, Simone Maldera, Alberto Manfreda, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Gloria Spandre, Mattia Barbanera, Saverio Citraro, Leonardo Lucchesi, Carlo Magazzu, Guido Magazzu, Paolo Mereu, Federico Mosti, Alessio Nuti, Leonardo Orsini, Hikmat Nasimi, Michele Pinchera, Davide Zanetti, Fabio Borotto, Marco Ceccanti, Marco Marengo, Alessandro Profeti, Ciro Caporale, Claudia Cardelli, Marcello Tardiola, Fabrizio Amici, Primo Attina, Matteo Bachetti, Daniele Brienza, Mauro Centrone, Enrico Costa, Ettore Del Monte, Sergio Di Cosimo, Alessandro Di Marco, Giuseppe Di Persio, Yuri Evangelista, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Fabio La Monaca, Carlo Lefevre, Pasqualino Loffredo, Alfredo Morbidini, Fabio Muleri, Matteo Perri, Raffaele Piazzolla, Maura Pilia, John Rankin, Ajay Ratheesh, Alda Rubini, Francesco Santoli, Emanuele Scalise, Paolo Soffitta, Antonino Tobia, Alessio Trois, Fei Xie, Rita Carpentiero, Marco Castronuovo, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Fabio D'Amico, Immacolata Donnarumma, Barbara Negri, Simonetta Puccetti, Luca Cavalli, Elisa D'Alba, Paolo Lorenzi, Elio Mangraviti, Paolo Sarra, Andrea Sciortino, Marco Vimercati, Stefano Pieraccini, Francesco Zanetti
Summary: With the specialization of VLSI ASICs for front-end signal processing electronics, customization of the control back-end electronics (BEE) is crucial for maximizing ASIC performance. In space missions, designing and qualifying such integrated systems pose significant challenges due to power and reliability constraints. This paper reviews the design and performance of BEE systems used in low Earth orbit (LEO) for two years, specifically for reading custom ASICs in gas pixel detectors at the core of the IXPE mission, aiming to measure X-ray polarization in the 2-8 keV energy range.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Lei Pan, Yihui He, Vladislav V. Klepov, Michael C. De Siena, Mercouri G. Kanatzidis
Summary: This study reports the performance of CsPbBr3 single-crystal semiconductor detectors capable of resolving the energies of single X-ray photons. By fine-tuning the working conditions, the detector demonstrates a high count rate for X-ray photon counting and exhibits low polarization over a typical timescale of multiple clinical X-ray scans. This demonstrates the potential of CsPbBr3 detectors for X-ray photon-counting applications in medical and industrial diagnostics, with lower cost compared to current state-of-the-art detectors.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Anton S. Tremsin, John V. Vallerga, Oswald H. W. Siegmund, Justin Woods, Lance E. De Long, Jeffrey T. Hastings, Roland J. Koch, Sophie A. Morley, Yi-De Chuang, Sujoy Roy
Summary: Detectors with microchannel plates (MCPs) combined with Timepix readout offer high spatial and time resolution for soft X-ray imaging and spectroscopy applications, capable of operating at relatively high counting rates. The ongoing development of optimized MCP devices for soft X-ray photon-counting applications is guided by the results of these experiments, facilitating XPCS dynamics measurements down to sub-microsecond timescales.
JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Salim Aymeric Si-Mohamed, Jade Miailhes, Pierre-Antoine Rodesch, Sara Boccalini, Hugo Lacombe, Valerie Leitman, Vincent Cottin, Loic Boussel, Philippe Douek
Summary: In recent years, the introduction of new X-ray detectors, such as photon-counting detectors (PCD) in diagnostic imaging equipment, has shown advantages in small pixel size, high dose efficiency, and energy-resolving capabilities. Studies have been conducted to explore the potential of PCD as an alternative to conventional CT for chest imaging.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yucheng Liu, Yunxia Zhang, Xuejie Zhu, Jiangshan Feng, Ioannis Spanopoulos, Weijun Ke, Yihui He, Xiaodong Ren, Zhou Yang, Fengwei Xiao, Kui Zhao, Mercouri Kanatzidis, Shengzhong (Frank) Liu
Summary: This study reports the successful controlled incorporation of methylammonium (MA(+)), cesium (Cs+), and bromine (Br-) ions into the FAPbI3 lattice to grow inch-sized stable perovskite single crystal (FAMACs SC), resulting in X-ray detectors with superior sensitivity and stability.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Optics
Ya-Nan Zhao, Hong-Yun Hou, Jia-Cheng Han, Hong-Chao Liu, Su-Heng Zhang, De-Zhong Cao, Bao-Lai Liang
Summary: The study proposes a high-efficiency single-pixel imaging scheme that integrates time-correlated single-photon counting with time-division multiplexing to acquire full-color images and reconstruct high-quality images in a single measurement. Strategies such as single-step measurement, high-speed projection, and under-sampling can further improve imaging efficiency.
Article
Physics, Applied
Yanqiu Guan, Haochen Li, Labao Zhang, Daxing Dong, Hao Wang, Qi Chen, Shuya Guo, Biao Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Zhuolin Yang, Xuecou Tu, Qingyuan Zhao, Xiaoqing Jia, Jian Chen, Lin Kang, Peiheng Wu
Summary: We demonstrate a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) array with inductor-shaping pulses for pixel-level readout. Each pixel's output pulse is shaped by optimized inductors and the response pulses of all pixels are synthesized in a series-connected structure. The on/off states of all pixels are encoded to the widths, amplitudes, and areas of the output pulses using single-channel readout. This approach not only inherits the features of single-pixel SNSPDs but also enables parallel operation of all pixels, simplifies the system, and facilitates high-performance and real-time imaging.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Dominic Greiffenberg, Marie Andra, Rebecca Barten, Anna Bergamaschi, Martin Bruckner, Paolo Busca, Sabina Chiriotti, Ivan Chsherbakov, Roberto Dinapoli, Pablo Fajardo, Erik Frojdh, Shqipe Hasanaj, Pawel Kozlowski, Carlos Lopez Cuenca, Anastassiya Lozinskaya, Markus Meyer, Davide Mezza, Aldo Mozzanica, Sophie Redford, Marie Ruat, Christian Ruder, Bernd Schmitt, Dhanya Thattil, Gemma Tinti, Oleg Tolbanov, Anton Tyazhev, Seraphin Vetter, Andrei Zarubin, Jiaguo Zhang
Summary: The study characterized Chromium-compensated GaAs or GaAs:Cr sensors provided by Tomsk State University and compared them with a previous batch of sensors from a different supplier. The sensors from the 2017 batch showed improvements in resistivity, noise performance, and spectral resolution capability compared to the 2016 batch. The study further explored the crater effect and its consequences on detector operation by measuring GaAs:Cr sensors with a hole lifetime of 2.5 ns.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
J. Zhang, M. Andra, R. Barten, A. Bergamaschi, M. Brueckner, S. Chiriotti-Alvarez, R. Dinapoli, E. Froejdh, D. Greiffenberg, P. Kozlowski, M. Kuster, C. Lopez-Cuenca, M. Meyer, D. Mezza, A. Mozzanica, M. Ramilli, C. Ruder, B. Schmitt, X. Shi, D. Thattil, G. Tinti, M. Turcato, S. Vetter
Summary: Gotthard-II is a charge-integrating microstrip detector developed for experiments and diagnostics at free-electron lasers using hard X-rays, with potential scientific applications including X-ray absorption/emission spectroscopy and beam diagnostics. Its ASIC has been designed and fabricated using UMC-110 nm technology, with performance discussed in terms of noise, linearity, dynamic range, coupling between channels and speed.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2021)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
E. Frojdh, J. P. Abrahams, M. Andra, R. Barten, A. Bergamaschi, M. Bruckner, S. Chiriotti, R. Dinapoli, D. Greiffenberg, V Hinger, L. Lovacik, T. King, P. Kozlowski, C. Lopez-Cuenca, M. Jurgen, D. Mezza, A. Mozzanica, C. Ruder, B. Schmitt, S. Hasanaj, D. Thattil, E. van Genderen, S. Vetter, J. Zhang
Summary: Speed, dynamic range, and radiation hardness make hybrid pixel detectors suitable for diffraction experiments, but their spatial resolution is limited in electron microscopy due to multiple scattering. This paper examines the use of CdTe and GaAs as high Z sensor materials to mitigate this issue. The experimental results show that these materials have better spatial resolution than silicon at 200 and 300 keV, but their practical use with integrating detectors is still limited by material defects.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
D. Mezza, J. Becker, L. Carraresi, A. Castoldi, R. Dinapoli, P. Goettlicher, H. Graafsma, D. Greiffenberg, H. Hirsemann, A. Klujev, M. Kuhn, S. Lange, T. Laurus, S. Maffessanti, A. Marras, A. Mozzanica, J. Poehlsen, S. Redford, C. Ruder, B. Schmitt, I. Sheviakov, X. Shi, U. Trunk, S. Vetter, J. Zhang, M. Zimmer
Summary: Since the introduction of the extremely intense X-ray free electron lasers, the need for low noise, high dynamic range, and potentially fast charge integrating detectors has increased significantly. Calibration of such detectors represents one of the most challenging problems, and collaboration between the detector development and user groups is crucial.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
S. Chiriotti, R. Barten, A. Bergamaschi, M. Bruckner, M. Carulla, I Chsherbakov, R. Dinapoli, E. Frojdh, D. Greiffenberg, S. Hasanaj, V Hinger, T. King, P. Kozlowski, C. Lopez-Cuenca, A. Lozinskaya, F. Marone, D. Mezza, K. Moustakas, A. Mozzanica, C. Ruder, B. Schmitt, D. Thattil, O. Tolbanov, A. Tyazhev, A. Zarubin, J. Zhang
Summary: The aim of this project is to determine the imaging capabilities and improve the spatial resolution of a GaAs:Cr sensor of 25 mu m pixel pitch by applying a position interpolation algorithm. The measurements achieved promising results, showing enhanced spatial resolution beyond the physical pixel pitch and reaching 10 mu m at 10 keV and 12 mu m at 20 keV photon energies.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
M. Meyer, M. Andrae, R. Barten, A. Bergamaschi, M. Brueckner, P. Busca, M. Carulla Areste, S. Chiriotti, R. Dinapoli, P. Fajardo, E. Froejdh, D. Greiffenberg, J. Heymes, V Hinger, P. Kozlowski, C. Lopez-Cuenca, D. Mezza, A. Mozzanica, S. Redford, M. Ruat, C. Ruder, B. Schmitt, D. Thattil, G. Tinti, S. Vetter, J. Zhang
Summary: The polarization characteristics of ohmic and (Al-)Schottky type CdTe sensors supplied by Acrorad have been characterized with the low noise, charge integrating readout chip JUNGFRAU. The study found that the irradiated areas in the (Al-)Schottky type sensors showed a more robust charge collection compared to unirradiated areas, while no alteration of the polarization characteristics was found in the ohmic type CdTe sensors after irradiation.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
V Hinger, A. al Haddad, R. Barten, A. Bergamaschi, M. Brueckner, M. Carulla, S. Chiriotti-Alvarez, R. Dinapoli, S. Ebner, E. Froejdh, D. Greiffenberg, S. Hasanaj, T. King, P. Kozlowski, C. Lopez-Cuenca, D. Mezza, K. Moustakas, A. Mozzanica, D. Ozerov, C. Ruder, B. Schmitt, K. A. Schnorr, D. Thattil, J. Zhang
Summary: The JUNGFRAU detector, originally designed for hard X-ray applications, has proven its usefulness in soft X-ray applications due to its low noise, high dynamic range, and scalability. By improving the readout chip and sensor entrance window, the detection of low-energy X-rays has become possible, achieving single photon sensitivity.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
M. Carulla, M. Centis Vignali, R. Barten, F. Baruffaldi, A. Bergamaschi, G. Borghi, M. Boscardin, M. Bruckner, R. Dinapoli, S. Ebner, F. Ficorella, E. Frojd, D. Greiffenberg, O. Hammad Ali, S. Hasanaj, J. Heymes, V. Hinger, T. King, P. Kozlowski, C. Lopez Cuenca, D. Mezza, K. Moustakas, A. Mozzanica, G. Paternoster, S. Ronchin, C. Ruder, B. Schmitt, D. Thattila, J. Zhang
Summary: Single-photon detection of X-rays in the energy range of 250 eV to 1 keV is challenging due to low quantum efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio. To improve quantum efficiency, the entrance window of silicon sensors in hybrid detectors needs to minimize X-ray absorption and charge recombination. Using low gain avalanche diodes (LGADs), the signal-to-noise ratio for soft X-rays can be improved, enabling single-photon detection down to 250 eV. The optimization of the entrance window and further improvements in quantum efficiency are discussed in this study.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2023)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
J. Zhang, R. Barten, F. Baruffaldi, A. Bergamaschi, G. Borghi, M. Boscardin, M. Brueckner, M. Carulla, M. Centis Vignali, R. Dinapoli, S. Ebner, F. Ficorella, E. Froejdh, D. Greiffenberg, O. Hammad Ali, J. Heymes, S. Hasanaj, V Hinger, T. King, P. Kozlowski, C. Lopez-Cuenca, D. Mezza, K. Moustakas, A. Mozzanica, G. Paternoster, S. Ronchin, C. Ruder, B. Schmitt, D. Thattil
Summary: This paper presents developments in improving silicon sensor technology for the detection of soft X-rays with hybrid X-ray detectors. An optimization of the entrance window technology is required to enhance the quantum efficiency. By using LGAD technology, the signal generated by X-rays can be amplified, leading to an improved signal-to-noise ratio and enabling single photon resolution in the soft X-ray energy range. The results demonstrate successful single photon detection of soft X-rays down to 452 eV, with a signal-to-noise ratio better than 20.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
E. Frojdh, F. Baruffaldi, A. Bergamaschi, M. Carulla, R. Dinapoli, D. Greiffenberg, J. Heymes, V Hinger, R. Ischebeck, S. Mathisen, J. McKenzie, D. Mezza, K. Moustakas, A. Mozzanica, B. Schmitt, J. Zhang
Summary: This paper investigates the performance of a JUNGFRAU detector with a 320 um thick silicon sensor at a pulsed electron source. Measurements and simulations were used to analyze the effects of different electron energies on the detector.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
A. Bergamaschi, M. Andra, R. Barten, F. Baruffaldi, M. Bruckner, M. Carulla, S. Chiriotti, R. Dinapoli, E. Frojdh, D. Greiffenberg, S. Hasanaj, J. Heymes, V Hinger, P. Kozlowski, C. L. Cuenca, D. Mezza, A. Mozzanica, K. Moustakas, C. Ruder, B. Schmitt, D. Thattil, J. Zhang
Summary: This study demonstrates that on-chip interpolation can be utilized to improve the spatial resolution of single photon counting detectors without increasing interconnects. The interpolation is performed directly on-chip, allowing higher photon flux compared to analog detectors.
JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION
(2022)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Stephan Schreiner, Constantin Rauch, Bernhard Akstaller, Paulina Bleuel, Eric Froejdh, Artem S. Martynenko, Aldo Mozzanica, Paul Neumayer, Leonard Wegert, Bernhard Zielbauer, Adrian Zink, Gisela Anton, Thilo Michel, Stefan Funk
Summary: Laser-driven x-ray backlighting is used to image fast dynamic processes, such as laser-driven shock wave propagation. The feasibility of using the JUNGFRAU detector in environments with extreme electromagnetic pulses is demonstrated. A specific electromagnetic pulse-protective housing is designed and optimized for pump-probe experiments at the PHELIX facility. The housing provides high x-ray transmission and significant damping of the electromagnetic field.
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
(2023)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Jinlu Ruan, Liang Chen, Pengxiao Xu, Yapeng Zhang, Xue Du, Hongqiao Yin, Shiyi He, Fangbao Wang, Xun Zhang, Xiaoping Ouyang
Summary: A new SiC detector with a faster time response was developed to improve the temporal response of SiC-HPMTs. The improved SiC-HPMT showed significantly enhanced temporal response compared to the previous SiC-HPMT, and it can accurately measure the time information of fast pulsed radiation fields.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Kevin Nash
Summary: This article discusses the need for extensive upgrades of the LHC detectors, particularly the Outer Tracker, due to the demanding conditions and radiation of the High Luminosity LHC scenario. The design choices, technological approaches, and R&D activities for the Outer Tracker Phase-2 upgrade are highlighted.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
S. A. Wotton
Summary: The hadron particle identification provided by LHCb's RICH system is crucial for the success of the experiment, and it will continue to play a significant role in Upgrade II. To maintain the current excellent particle identification performance, substantial improvements in the precision of measuring the space and time coordinates of detected photons in the RICH and in the resolution of the reconstructed Cherenkov angle are required.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
R. Cardarelli, A. Rocchi, G. Aielli, P. Camarri, A. Di Ciaccio, L. Di Stante, B. Liberti, E. Pastori, L. Pizzimento, G. Proto
Summary: The Resistive Cylindrical Chamber (RCC) is a new generation of gaseous particle detectors that overcome the limitations of Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) and expand their application range. By transitioning from planar to cylindrical geometry, while maintaining an almost planar electric field, the RCC achieves improved detection efficiency, increased gas pressure, and the possibility of using eco-friendly gases.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Giacomo Volpe
Summary: The ALICE collaboration is proposing a new apparatus, ALICE 3, to investigate the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) properties. In this context, conceptual studies for the development of a RICH detector for ALICE 3 are ongoing. The proposed baseline layout is a proximity-focusing RICH, using aerogel as Cherenkov radiator and Silicon Photomultipliers for photon detection. The detector specifications and performance obtained by Monte Carlo simulation are presented, along with the R&D challenges related to the design.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
M. G. Mazarakis, E. Jongewaard, J. Ellsworth
Summary: This report presents experimental data and a step-by-step technique for evaluating the work functions of thermionic cathodes. The experiments were conducted using small-sized thermionic cathodes provided by Spectra-Mat corporation. The cathode electron current emission work function is emphasized as a crucial parameter for selecting cathodes in various applications.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
M. Loyd, A. Khaplanov, V. Sedov, J. Beal, T. Visscher, C. Donahue, C. Montcalm, G. Warren, R. Butz, C. Boone, C. Hart, R. Riedel, Y. Diawara
Summary: Thermal and cold neutron beamlines require detector systems with high efficiency, large active area, and good spatial resolution. This study presents a new design of Anger camera using silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) instead of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), offering better resolution, less distortion, and more compactness. The use of SiPMs also enables the camera to be used in strong magnetic fields, providing additional experimental capabilities.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Thomas Neulinger, Hanno Filter, Oliver Zimmer
Summary: This paper describes the mathematical foundation for analyzing vertical time-of-flight (TOF) measurements using ultracold neutrons (UCN). It enables the spectroscopy of UCN with kinetic energies below the neutron optical potential of the detector entrance window. The paper provides general treatment methods and transformation rules for converting vertical TOF spectra into other spectra of interest.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Huynh Dinh Chuong, Nguyen Huynh Duy Khang, Le Thi Ngoc Trang, Nguyen Thi Truc Linh, Truong Thanh Sang, Nguyen Thanh Dat, Hoang Duc Tam
Summary: This paper presents a comparative study of three models, including virtual point detector (VPD), curve fitting (CF), and machine learning (ML), in determining the full-energy peak efficiency (FEPE) of HPGe detector. The study found that the ML model outperforms VPD and CF models in terms of accuracy.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
M. H. Kushoro, M. Angelone, D. Bozzi, G. Gorini, F. La Via, E. Perelli Cippo, M. Pillon, M. Tardocchi, M. Rebai
Summary: This paper presents the characterization of a series of SiC detectors operated with partial polarization, achieving excellent energy resolution and detection characteristics for both alpha particles and neutrons. The results demonstrate the potential of SiC detectors for fast neutron detection in fusion experiments. The limitations and challenges for manufacturing thick SiCs in the future are also discussed.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Deb Sankar Bhattacharya, Andrea Bressan, Chandradoy Chatterjee, Silvia Dalla Torre, Mauro Gregori, Alexander Kiselev, Stefano Levorato, Anna Martin, Saverio Minutoli, Mikhail Osipenko, Richa Rai, Marco Ripani, Fulvio Tessarotto, Triloki Triloki
Summary: In this article, we report on the measurement of the time resolution of an LAPPD prototype using Cherenkov radiation emitted by high energy hadrons. Our approach has demonstrated the capability of measuring time resolutions as fine as 25-30 ps. The measured time resolution for single photoelectrons is about 80 ps r.m.s.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Bharti Rohila, S. R. Abhilash, Diwanshu, Chetan Sharma, Devinder Mehta, Ashok Kumar
Summary: Self-supporting and Au backed Ag-107 targets have been fabricated using a combination of cold rolling and e-beam melting technique. The method is efficient, resulting in targets without significant material loss or major contamination. Various techniques have been used for thickness measurements and characterizations, and one of the fabricated targets has been successfully used in a nuclear physics experiment.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
B. Kronheim, A. Belloni, T. K. Edberg, S. C. Eno, C. Howe, C. Palmer, C. Papageorgakis, M. Paranjpe, S. Sriram
Summary: This paper presents measurements of the relative decrease of light output during irradiation of small plastic scintillator tiles read out by silicon photomultipliers. The study found substantial temporary damage during low-temperature irradiation, regardless of oxygen concentration and wrapping material. The wrapping material had an impact on the relative light loss, with the 3M(TM) Enhanced Specular Reflector Film showing the largest loss. The light loss was less at warmer temperatures and similar to that in standard atmosphere with 3% oxygen concentration. Evidence of a plateau in the radical density was seen for the data at 0 degrees C.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
V. V. Haurylavets, V. K. Ivanov, A. V. Korol, A. V. Solov'yov
Summary: Computational modeling of high-energy electron passage through crystalline media is conducted using relativistic molecular dynamics. The results show good agreement with experimental data, demonstrating the accuracy of the simulations. Minor discrepancies between theory and experiment are discussed.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Luca Quaglia, R. Cardarelli, B. Liberti, E. Pastori, G. Proto, L. Pizzimento, A. Rocchi, G. Aielli, P. Camarri, A. Di Ciacco, L. Di Stante, R. Santonico, D. Boscherini, A. Bruni, L. Massa, A. Polini, M. Romano, L. Benussi, S. Bianco, D. Piccolo, G. Saviano, M. Abbrescia, L. Congedo, M. De Serio, G. Galati, G. Pugliese, S. Simone, D. Ramos, P. Salvini, A. Samalan, M. Tytgat, N. Zaganidis, J. Eysermans, A. Ferretti, M. Gagliardi, L. Terlizzi, E. Vercellin, P. Dupieux, B. Joly, S. P. Manen, R. Guida, B. Mandelli, G. Rigoletti, M. Barroso, M. C. Arena, A. Pastore, R. Aly, M. Verzeroli, S. Buontempo
Summary: Resistive Plate Chamber detectors are widely used in current High Energy Physics experiments. However, efforts are being made to find eco-friendly gas alternatives to Tetrafluoroethane. The RPC EcoGas@GIF++ collaboration aims to improve RPC technology, evaluate the performance of RPCs with eco-friendly gas mixtures, and conduct aging tests.
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT
(2024)