Journal
NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY
Volume 31, Issue 4, Pages 225-231Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.03.002
Keywords
Lead; Cognitive development; School achievement; Prenatal drug exposure; Restricted cubic splines
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Funding
- National Institutes on Drug Abuse (NIDA) [R01-DA07957, R03-DA11764]
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The impact of early postnatal lead exposure measured at age 4 on children's IQ and academic achievement at and 11 years of age was examined. The sample consisted of 278 inner-city, primarily African American children who were polydrug exposed prenatally. Regression analyses indicated a linear effect of lead exposure on outcomes and no moderating effects of polydrug exposure. An IQ loss of about 4.1-5.4 Full Scale IQ points was estimated for each 10 mu g/dL increase in blood lead level at ages 4, 9, and 11 years as a function of blood lead level at age 4. Decrements in scores on tests of non-verbal reasoning were consistently associated with higher lead levels at age 4, while verbal decrements became apparent only at age 11. Lower reading summary scores at 9 and 11 years were consistently associated with higher lead exposure, while decrements in mathematics were not apparent until 11 years. Subgroup analyses on children with blood lead levels <10 mu g/dL showed detrimental lead effects even at the 5 mu g/dL level, providing additional evidence of adverse effects occurring at blood lead levels below the current 10 mu g/dL public health blood lead action level. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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