☆ 4.1 Article

Ginkgo biloba and Cerebral Bleeding A Case Report and Critical Review

NEUROLOGIST (2011)

Journal

NEUROLOGIST

Volume 17, Issue 2, Pages 89-90

Publisher

LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS

DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e3181f097b4

Keywords

Ginkgo biloba; intracranial hemorrhage; bleeding

Categories

Clinical Neurology

Ask authors/readers for more resources

Protocol

Community support

Reagent

Community support

Abstract

Ginkgo biloba is a herbal medication that is often used worldwide. Although side effects are uncommon, G. biloba has been associated with serious bleeding complications, especially intracranial hemorrhage. We report the case of a young woman who made chronic use of G. biloba and suffered from cerebral bleeding without any structural abnormalities. Several studies have pointed to the association between G. biloba and intracranial hemorrhage.

Authors

I am an author on this paper

Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.

Reviews

Primary Rating

4.1

Not enough ratings

Secondary Ratings

Novelty

-

Significance

-

Scientific rigor

-

Rate this paper

Recommended

Article Plant Sciences

International biological flora: Ginkgo biloba

Han-Yang Lin, Wen-Hao Li, Chen-Feng Lin, Hao-Ran Wu, Yun-Peng Zhao

Summary: This article provides detailed information on the biology of Ginkgo biloba, covering its ecological characteristics, distribution, habitat, responses to environment and biotic factors, physiological structure, reproductive and seed characters, and the impact of diseases and pests. Ginkgo has a strong adaptability globally, with high tolerance to temperature variations, drought, and fire. Stem rot and leaf blight are common diseases in nursery seedlings and juvenile trees, which can be mitigated through shading and fertilization. Ginkgo biloba is one of the world's most distinctive trees, with significant importance in plant evolution and human society.

JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY (2022)

Add to Collection

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus

Magdalena Sereda, Jun Xia, Polly Scutt, Malcolm P. Hilton, Amr El Refaie, Derek J. Hoare

Summary: This systematic review evaluated the effects of Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus in adults and children. The findings suggest that Ginkgo biloba may have little to no effect on reducing tinnitus symptoms compared to placebo. The evidence for other secondary outcomes was uncertain. The effectiveness and safety of Ginkgo biloba with concurrent interventions also remain unclear. Future research should use rigorous methodology and validated outcome measures.

COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Plant Sciences

Tissue-Specific Profiling of Biflavonoids in Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.)

Marija Kovac Tomas, Iva Jurcevic, Dunja Samec

Summary: In this study, a HPLC-DAD method was developed to separate and determine five major biflavonoids in ginkgo. Tissue-specific profiling revealed that biflavonoids were not detected in plant parts not in direct contact with the environment. Leaves had the highest total biflavonoids content, with sciadopitysin being the predominant compound, while amentoflavone was the predominant biflavonoid in the bark.

PLANTS-BASEL (2023)

Add to Collection

Review Clinical Neurology

Cerebral small vessel disease and intracranial bleeding risk: Prognostic and practical significance

Jonathan G. Best, Aaron Jesuthasan, David J. Werring

Summary: Balancing the risks of recurrent ischemia and antithrombotic-associated bleeding, particularly intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), is a key challenge in secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. This review explores the connection between neuroimaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and antithrombotic and thrombolytic-associated ICH, focusing on cerebral microbleeds (CMB). The presence of CMB has the potential to enhance ICH risk prediction and guide clinical decision making.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STROKE (2023)

Add to Collection

Review Plant Sciences

Biflavonoids: Important Contributions to the Health Benefits of Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.)

Dunja Samec, Erna Karalija, Sabina Dahija, Sherif T. S. Hassan

Summary: Ginkgo is a distinctive plant with excellent resistance to environmental conditions. It is used as an ornamental plant and a medicinal plant, and its bioactive potential is associated with flavonoids and terpene trilactones. Biflavonoids are important constituents of ginkgo and have various bioactivities and potential health benefits.

PLANTS-BASEL (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Environmental Sciences

Zero waste multistage utilization of Ginkgo biloba branches

Jinghua Ma, Nyuk Ling Ma, Dangquan Zhang, Ningpeng Wu, Xue Liu, Lei Meng, Dongli Ma, Xinya Gao, Zhiqiang Chu, Panpan Zhang, Mingwan Li

Summary: Zero waste multistage utilization of biomass from Ginkgo biloba branches was achieved through extraction of bioactive components, analysis of antioxidant and antibacterial activities, preparation and composition of pyroly-zate, adsorption and reuse of modified biochar. The results showed the abundant bioactive components in Ginkgo biloba branches and the successful incorporation of carboxymethyl cellulose and magnetic Fe3O4 into raw biochar to form a nanomaterial with improved adsorption capacity and stability.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Plant Sciences

Morphological Characteristics, Ultrastructure, and Chemical Constituents of the Endotesta in Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.)

Fangdi Li, Ganping Liu, Linying Zhao, Xiaoge Gao, Zhuolong Shen, Fuliang Cao, Qirong Guo

Summary: This study examines the development and structure of Ginkgo biloba endotesta using various microscopy techniques and chemical analysis. The results reveal that the endotesta is composed of multiple layers with different structures and has a well-balanced nutritional value.

PLANTS-BASEL (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Ginkgo biloba in the Aging Process: A Narrative Review

Sandra Maria Barbalho, Rosa Direito, Lucas Fornari Laurindo, Ledyane Taynara Marton, Elen Landgraf Guiguer, Ricardo de Alvares Goulart, Ricardo Jose Tofano, Antonely C. A. Carvalho, Uri Adrian Prync Flato, Viviane Alessandra Capelluppi Tofano, Claudia Rucco Penteado Detregiachi, Patricia C. Santos Bueno, Raul S. J. Girio, Adriano Cressoni Araujo

Summary: Ginkgo biloba is associated with memory and cognitive improvement and has potential effects on preventing and treating aging-related diseases through its antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions.

ANTIOXIDANTS (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Plant Sciences

Protoplast isolation and transient transformation system for Ginkgo biloba L.

Xin Han, Hao Rong, Yining Feng, Yue Xin, Xiaoyue Luan, Qi Zhou, Meng Xu, Li-an Xu

Summary: In this study, a highly efficient isolation and transient expression system for ginkgo protoplasts was established. A large number of intact and homogeneous ginkgo mesophyll protoplasts were successfully isolated using 2% cellulase and 0.25% pectinase in 0.4 M mannitol. The transformation efficiency of the protoplasts reached 40% when the concentration of the polyethylene glycol 4000 solution was 30%-40% (w/v). This system provides a technical platform for the identification and analysis of ginkgo gene functions, partially compensating for the limitations associated with the lack of a genetic transformation system.

FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Tranexamic acid in non-traumatic intracranial bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Jean-Baptiste Bouillon-Minois, Carolyne Croizier, Julien S. Baker, Bruno Pereira, Fares Moustafa, Justin Outrey, Jeannot Schmidt, Nicolas Peschanski, Frederic Dutheil

Summary: A systematic review and meta-analysis found that tranexamic acid (TXA) may reduce mortality by approximately 22% in patients with non-traumatic intracranial bleeding. Meta-regression analysis showed that the severity of NTIB, age, sex, length of treatment, or publication date did not influence the effectiveness of TXA. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the benefits of TXA on mortality in NTIB patients.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Plant Sciences

Rejuvenation increases leaf biomass and flavonoid accumulation in Ginkgo biloba

Zhaogeng Lu, Likui Zhu, Jinkai Lu, Nan Shen, Lu Wang, Sian Liu, Qingjie Wang, Wanwen Yu, Hisashi Kato-Noguchi, Weixing Li, Biao Jin, Li Wang, Jinxing Lin

Summary: Trunk truncation can stimulate tree rejuvenation and increase the biomass and flavonoid content of Ginkgo biloba leaves.

HORTICULTURE RESEARCH (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba dropping pills in Parkinson's disease

Dingyi Yu, Pengli Zhang, Junying Li, Ting Liu, Yaodan Zhang, Qingqing Wang, Jianbing Zhang, Xiaoyan Lu, Xiaohui Fan

Summary: Parkinson's disease (PD) lacks effective and safe treatments, but Ginkgo biloba dropping pill (GBDP) shows potential as an alternative therapy with its antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. GBDP demonstrated higher levels of certain compounds compared to the G. biloba extract EGb 761, and showed greater neuroprotective effects in in vitro and in vivo PD models. The Akt/GSK3 beta pathway may be involved in the neuroprotective effects of GBDP.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Biology

Evolution of the sex-determining region in Ginkgo biloba

Wei Gong, Dmitry A. Filatov

Summary: Sex-determining region (SDR) in Ginkgo biloba is located in the middle of chromosome 2 and is fixed in a region of about 50 Mb, with a small non-recombining region of less than 5 Mb in males. The SDR in Ginkgo is inferred to be of Cretaceous origin based on the synonymous divergence between homologous X- and Y-linked genes. The SDR in Ginkgo exhibits only slight Y-degeneration, consistent with other dioecious plants with homomorphic sex chromosomes.

PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Systematic investigation and expression profiles of the GbR2R3-MYB transcription factor family in ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.)

Xiaoming Yang, Tingting Zhou, Mengke Wang, Tingting Li, Guibin Wang, Fang-Fang Fu, Fuliang Cao

Summary: In this study, 69 GbR2R3-MYB genes were identified and classified into 33 groups based on their amino acid sequence and gene structure characteristics. Expression profiling in different tissues and developmental stages revealed temporal and spatial expression patterns, with specific genes showing responses to abiotic stresses and hormonal exposures. The investigation of GbR2R3-MYB19 indicated its nuclear localization and transcriptional activity, suggesting potential roles in the regulation of biological processes.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2021)

Add to Collection

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Ginkgo biloba Extract Stimulates Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes

Fernanda Malanconi Thomaz, Jussara de Jesus Simao, Viviane Simoes da Silva, Meira Maria Forcelini Machado, Lila Missae Oyama, Eliane Beraldi Ribeiro, Maria Isabel Cardoso Alonso Vale, Monica Marques Telles

Summary: The study found that Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) can modulate adipocyte differentiation, increasing lipid content and gene expression of major adipogenesis markers. GbE can modify key proteins involved in the differentiation process and accelerate the expression of mature adipocyte proteins.

PHARMACEUTICALS (2022)

Add to Collection

Letter Clinical Neurology

Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxias in South America: A Multicenter Study of 1338 Patients

Maria Thereza D. Gama, Pedro Braga-Neto, Deborah M. Rangel, Clecio Godeiro, Rodrigo Alencar, Emilia K. Embirucu, Mario Cornejo-Olivas, Elison Sarapura-Castro, Paula Saffie Awad, Daniela Munoz Chesta, Marcelo Kauffman, Sergio Rodriguez-Quiroga, Laura B. Jardim, Felipe F. da Graca, Marcondes C. Franca, Pedro J. Tomaselli, Wilson Marques, Helio A. G. Teive, Orlando G. P. Barsottini, Jose Luiz Pedroso, Matthis Synofzik

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2022)

Add to Collection

Article Neurosciences

Nutritional status and eating habits of patients with hereditary ataxias: a case-control study

Camila Goncalves Monteiro Carvalho, Paulo Ribeiro Nobrega, Stephanie Suzanne de Oliveira Scott, Deborah Moreira Rangel, Danyela Martins Bezerra Soares, Carla Soraya Costa Maia, Pedro Braga-Neto

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the association between hereditary ataxias and changes in energy expenditure, body composition, and dietary intake. It also aimed to examine the differences in these variables according to ataxia subtype, sex, age, and disease severity.

NUTRITIONAL NEUROSCIENCE (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Clinical Neurology

Aseptic meningitis in Fabry disease due to a novel GLA variant: an expanded phenotype?

Paulo Ribeiro Nobrega, Joao Lucas Araujo Morais, Alliane Milliane Ferreira, Alisson Dantas de Medeiros, Beatrice Araujo Duarte, Deborah Moreira Rangel, Fabricio Oliveira Lima, Anderson Rodrigues Brandao de Paiva, Luciana Paim-Marques, Fernando Kok, Andre Luiz Santos Pessoa, Pedro Braga-Neto, Fernanda Martins Maia Carvalho

Summary: In this study, a family with a rare GLA variant associated with aseptic meningitis was described. Meningitis may be a common phenomenon in FD and not specific to a particular variant. Understanding the mechanisms underlying meningitis and its association with cerebrovascular events may lead to a new paradigm of treatment for stroke in these patients.

NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Psychiatry

Persistent psychosis associated with extreme delta brush in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a case report

Paulo Ribeiro Nobrega, Paulo Reges Oliveira Lima, Pedro Helder de Oliveira Junior, Lorena Pitombeira Sanders, Manoel Alves Sobreira-Neto, Samir Camara Magalhaes, Lia Lira Olivier Sanders, Pedro Braga-Neto

Summary: Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is a new differential diagnosis for first episode and persistent psychosis in the psychiatric community, and it is associated with extreme delta brush (EDB) on electroencephalogram (EEG). This case report describes a patient with persistent psychosis in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, with multiple occurrences of EDB on prolonged follow-up.

BMC PSYCHIATRY (2023)

Add to Collection

Editorial Material Clinical Neurology

Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinsonism: Gaps in Predictors, Pathophysiology, and Management

Christian Geroin, Carlo Alberto Artusi, Jorik Nonnekes, Camila Aquino, Divyani L. Garg, Marian Dale, Darbe Schlosser, Yijie Lai, Mohammad Al-Wardat, Mehri Salari, Robin Wolke, Valery Tsinda Labou, Gabriele Imbalzano, Serena Camozzi, Marcelo R. Merello, Bastiaan Bloem, Tamine Capato, Ruth Djaldetti, Karen Doherty, Alfonso Fasano, Houyam Tibar, Leonardo G. Lopiano, Nils Margraf, Caroline Moreau, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Michele Tinazzi

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2023)

Add to Collection

Review Neurosciences

Pathophysiology and Treatment of Lipid Abnormalities in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: An Integrative Review

Rodrigo Mariano Ribeiro, Sophia Costa Vasconcelos, Pedro Lucas Grangeiro de Sa Barreto Lima, Emanuel Ferreira Coelho, Anna Melissa Noronha Oliveira, Emanuel de Assis Bertulino Martins Gomes, Luciano de Albuquerque Mota, Lucas Soares Radtke, Matheus dos Santos Carvalho, David Augusto Batista Sa Araujo, Maria Suelly Nogueira Pinheiro, Vitor Carneiro de Vasconcelos Gama, Renan Magalhaes Montenegro Junior, Pedro Braga Neto, Paulo Ribeiro Nobrega

Summary: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by CYP27A1 gene mutations, resulting in sterol 27-hydroxylase deficiency. This leads to the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in various tissues. Lipid profile evaluations of CTX patients consistently show elevated levels of cholestanol and normal or low serum cholesterol levels. Decreased chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) levels lead to increased synthesis of cholesterol metabolites, such as bile alcohols, which can serve as markers in CTX patients. Lipid abnormalities in CTX have clinical implications, contributing to neurological symptoms, tendon xanthomas, and increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications.

BRAIN SCIENCES (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Clinical Neurology

Deep Brain Stimulation as an Exclusion Criteria in Parkinson's Disease Studies: Time to Rethink?

Camila Aquino, Lan Luo, Pinky Agarwal, Khushi M. Garg, Joshua M. Rosenow, Daniel Corcos, Svjetlana Miocinovic, Joohi Jimenez-Shahed

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2023)

Add to Collection

Letter Clinical Neurology

Pregabalin Responsive Tongue and Arm Tremor after Guillain Barré Syndrome

Paulo Ribeiro Nobrega, Thais de Maria F. Vasconcelos, Anderson Rodrigues Brandao de Paiva, Pedro Lucas Grangeiro de Sa Barreto Lima, Pedro Braga Neto, Thiago Goncalves Guimaraes, Mariana Braatz Krueger

MOVEMENT DISORDERS CLINICAL PRACTICE (2023)

Add to Collection

Review Clinical Neurology

Predictors and Pathophysiology of Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinsonism: A Scoping Review

Carlo Alberto Artusi, Christian Geroin, Jorik Nonnekes, Camila Aquino, Divyani Garg, Marian L. Dale, Darbe Schlosser, Yijie Lai, Mohammad Al-Wardat, Mehri Salari, Robin Wolke, Valery Tsinda Labou, Gabriele Imbalzano, Serena Camozzi, Marcelo Merello, Bastiaan R. Bloem, Tamine Capato, Ruth Djaldetti, Karen Doherty, Alfonso Fasano, Houyam Tibar, Leonardo Lopiano, Nils G. Margraf, Caroline Moreau, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Michele Tinazzi

Summary: Axial postural abnormalities are common in patients with Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism, and have a significant impact on the patients' quality of life. However, there is limited understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical predictors of these symptoms, highlighting the need for further research in this area.

MOVEMENT DISORDERS CLINICAL PRACTICE (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Parasitology

Cogan's sign in a patient with suspected post-COVID-19 vaccine-associated myasthenia gravis

Jose Wagner Leonel Tavares-Junior, Manoel Alves Sobreira-Neto, Pedro Braga-Neto

Summary: This is the first reported case in Brazil of a patient with neurological signs of myasthenia gravis associated with the COVID-19 vaccine. A previously healthy 68-year-old woman developed proximal limb weakness, left ptosis, and diplopia one month after receiving her fourth dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Neurological examination showed the presence of Cogan's sign, and she recovered rapidly after treatment.

REVISTA DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE MEDICINA TROPICAL (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Clinical Neurology

Average annual cost of Parkinson's disease in a Brazilian multiethnic population

Tania Maria Bovolenta, Artur F. Schumacher-Schuh, Bruno Lopes dos Santos-Lobato, Clecio de Oliveira Godeiro Junior, Delson Jose da Silva, Denise Nicaretta, Egberto R. Barbosa, Francisco E. C. Cardoso, Marcus Vinicius Della Coletta, Pedro Braga Neto, Rubens G. Cury, Vitor Tumas, Andre C. Felicio

Summary: This study evaluates the direct, indirect, and out-of-pocket costs of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Brazil. The average annual cost of PD in Brazil is estimated to be US$ 4020.48, with direct costs accounting for 63%, indirect costs accounting for 36%, and out-of-pocket costs accounting for 49% of the total. There are no significant differences in the total cost of PD across different regions of Brazil, but differences exist between different stages of PD severity.

PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Clinical Neurology

Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinsonism: Gaps in Predictors, Pathophysiology, and Management

Christian Geroin, Carlo Alberto Artusi, Jorik Nonnekes, Camila Aquino, Divyani Garg, Marian L. Dale, Darbe Schlosser, Yijie Lai, Mohammad Al-Wardat, Mehri Salari, Robin Wolke, Valery Tsinda Labou, Gabriele Imbalzano, Serena Camozzi, Marcelo Merello, Bastiaan R. Bloem, Tamine Capato, Ruth Djaldetti, Karen Doherty, Alfonso Fasano, Houyam Tibar, Leonardo Lopiano, Nils G. Margraf, Caroline Moreau, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Michele Tinazzi

MOVEMENT DISORDERS (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Neurosciences

An Exploratory Survey on the Care for Ataxic Patients in the American Continents and the Caribbean

Laura Bannach Jardim, Ali Hasan, Sheng-han Kuo, Jonathan Javier Magana, Marcondes Franca, Wilson Marques, Claudia Camejo, Luiz Carlos Santana-da-Silva, Emilia Embirucu Leao, Gisele Espindola, Francisca Canals, Marcelo Miranda, Igor Salvatierra, Mario Cornejo-Olivas, Juan Fernandez-Ruiz, Pedro Braga-Neto, David Jose Davila-Ortiz de Montellano, Luis Leonardo Flores-Lagunes, Nicolas Dupre, Bernard Brais, Fernando Regla Vargas, Clecio Godeiro, Leo Coutinho, Helio G. Teive, Marcelo Kaufmann, Paula Saffie, Gabriel Vasata Furtado, Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira, Orlando Barsottini, Jose Luiz Pedroso, Roberto Rodriguez-Labrada, Luis Velazquez-Perez, Christopher Gomez

Summary: Little is known about access to healthcare for rare disease carriers. The Pan American Hereditary Ataxia Network conducted a survey to explore care for hereditary ataxias in the Americas and the Caribbean. The results revealed significant disparities and the need for more diagnostic tools, guidelines, and professional training.

CEREBELLUM (2023)

Add to Collection

Correction Neurosciences

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome Scale (Mar, 10.1007/s12311-022-01391-7, 2022)

Stephanie Suzanne de Oliveira Scott, Jose Luiz Pedroso, Victor Vitalino Elias, Paulo Ribeiro Nobrega, Emmanuelle Silva Tavares Sobreira, Marcela Patricia de Almeida, Maria Thereza Drumond Gama, Breno Kazuo Massuyama, Orlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini, Norberto Anizio Ferreira Frota, Pedro Braga-Neto

CEREBELLUM (2023)

Add to Collection

Article Neurosciences

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome Scale

Stephanie Suzanne de Oliveira Scott, Jose Luiz Pedroso, Victor Vitalino Elias, Paulo Ribeiro Nobrega, Emmanuelle Silva Tavares Sobreira, Marcela Patricia de Almeida, Maria Thereza Drumond Gama, Breno Kazuo Massuyama, Orlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini, Norberto Anizio Ferreira Frota, Pedro Braga-Neto

Summary: This study translated and culturally adapted the CCAS scale to Brazilian Portuguese and validated it in a Brazilian population. The translated and adapted scale demonstrated good internal consistency and reliability, making it a potential reliable tool for screening cognitive symptoms in patients with cerebellar disease.

CEREBELLUM (2023)

Add to Collection

No Data Available

© Peeref 2019-2024. All rights reserved.