Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Eiji Yamamura
Summary: The slogans of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics aimed to symbolize resilience from the Great East Japan Earthquake and promote gender equality and sustainability. However, the actual cost exceeded the budget and the games were overshadowed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Most Japanese people support environmental protection, gender equality, and disaster prevention policies, and they wish to reduce public expenditure for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
C. James Watson, Genevra L. Stone, Daniel L. Overbeek, Takuyo Chiba, Michele M. Burns
Summary: This article discusses the prohibition of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in fair play rules and WADA's efforts to prevent PED use during the Olympic Games. It also reviews the characteristics and toxicities of different PED classes, emphasizing the importance for healthcare providers to be aware of PEDs and their risks, as they may encounter patients using PEDs.
JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Editorial Material
Immunology
Yi Zhang, Jingwen Ai, Jing Bao, Wenhong Zhang
Summary: This article introduces the control strategies utilized at the Tokyo and Beijing Olympics and proposes several measures for future reference.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2022)
Article
Humanities, Multidisciplinary
Takumi Kato
Summary: This study investigates the factors affecting citizens' attitudes towards sporting mega-events held during extended disasters. Findings show that concerns about healthcare system collapse from the medical burden have a strong negative effect on attitudes towards the Olympics.
HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Economics
Jeremy Wood, Samuel Meng
Summary: This study estimates the short-run impact of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics on the South Korean economy using the latest input-output tables and tourism data. The results show that tourism spending linked to the event has contributed significantly to national output, and infrastructural investment may have induced a larger gross domestic product for the national economy.
Editorial Material
Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture
Nir Kshetri, Jeffrey Voas
Summary: This article examines the rapid growth of nation-state cyberattacks and analyzes the targets and motivations behind these attacks by global cyberpowers.
Review
Sport Sciences
Bayan Minasian, Nigel Hope
Summary: Surfing injuries are relatively common, but there is a lack of understanding about prevention strategies. Skin injuries are found to make up the highest proportion of total injuries, with acute injuries most frequently affecting the head, neck, and face, and being struck by one's own board being the most common mechanism of injury.
BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Pascal Yiou, Camille Cadiou, Davide Faranda, Aglae Jezequel, Nemo Malhomme, George Miloshevich, Robin Noyelle, Flavio Pons, Yoann Robin, Mathieu Vrac
Summary: This study investigates the possibility of extreme heatwaves in the Paris Area around 2024, under climate change scenarios. The findings suggest that the temperature in Ile-de-France could exceed the record of 2003 by more than 4 degrees Celsius before 2050, due to a combination of anticyclonic conditions and cut-off lows. This study aims to raise awareness of these unprecedented events and the need for better preparedness.
NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kaneen Gomez-Hixson, Nicole Batista, Melissa Brown
Summary: Studies have shown that individuals with intellectual disabilities have a high prevalence of obesity and poor-quality diet. This study focused on Special Olympics athletes in Connecticut and found high rates of obesity, hypertension, low bone mineral density, and poor diet quality among the athletes. The data will be used to develop educational programs aimed at improving the overall health of these athletes in Connecticut.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xuanke Shi, Quan Wang, Chao Wang, Rui Wang, Longshu Zheng, Chen Qian, Wei Tang
Summary: This article presents the AI-based curling game system, CurlingHunter, which provides real-time display of actual and predicted trajectories during curling games. It aims to assist the game, improve viewers' interest, and help athletes train. The system demonstrates remarkable real-time performance, high accuracy, and good stability, making it the first real-time system to assist athletes compete during games in sports history.
Review
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Gregor Kasieczka, Benjamin Nachman, David Shih, Oz Amram, Anders Andreassen, Kees Benkendorfer, Blaz Bortolato, Gustaaf Brooijmans, Florencia Canelli, Jack H. Collins, Biwei Dai, Felipe F. De Freitas, Barry M. Dillon, Ioan-Mihail Dinu, Zhongtian Dong, Julien Donini, Javier Duarte, D. A. Faroughy, Julia Gonski, Philip Harris, Alan Kahn, Jernej F. Kamenik, Charanjit K. Khosa, Patrick Komiske, Luc Le Pottier, Pablo Martin-Ramiro, Andrej Matevc, Eric Metodiev, Vinicius Mikuni, Christopher W. Murphy, Ines Ochoa, Sang Eon Park, Maurizio Pierini, Dylan Rankin, Veronica Sanz, Nilai Sarda, Uro Seljak, Aleks Smolkovic, George Stein, Cristina Mantilla Suarez, Manuel Szewc, Jesse Thaler, Steven Tsan, Silviu-Marian Udrescu, Louis Vaslin, Jean-Roch Vlimant, Daniel Williams, Mikaeel Yunus
Summary: The LHC Olympics 2020 challenge introduces a new paradigm for data-driven, model-agnostic new physics searches by leveraging anomaly detection and machine learning techniques. Participants developed and tested their methods using modern machine learning tools on a standard dataset, resulting in impressive outcomes.
REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Stephen P. P. Ferris, Sulgi Koo, Kwangwoo Park, David T. T. Yi
Summary: This article examines the economic effects of hosting the Summer and Winter Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup on host countries. The study finds that hosting the Olympic Games has a significant positive announcement effect on the host country's stock market in the short run. Additionally, non-G7 countries hosting mega sporting events experience a positive effect on their stock markets, while G7 countries do not, suggesting that hosting such events can provide additional momentum for developing economies. However, the study also shows that the initial positive GDP growth experienced by countries hosting the Summer Olympic Games rapidly diminishes after the event, indicating that hosting mega sporting events may hinder sustainable economic growth.
Article
Communication
Yasuhito Abe
Summary: This article examines the discussion of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics as the Recovery Olympics in relation to radioactive materials by major Japanese national newspapers. Using Beck's risk society and Boykoff's celebration capitalism theories, the study distinguishes between the recovery discourses of the earthquake and tsunami versus the Fukushima disaster. The study demonstrates that the newspapers localized the issue of post-Fukushima environmental contamination within Fukushima Prefecture and emphasized safety standards to legitimize the Recovery Olympics.
COMMUNICATION & SPORT
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Hoi Yat Vico Lau, Mingda Xu, Lin Wang, Benjamin J. Cowling, Zhanwei Du
Summary: The Tokyo 2020 Olympics were delayed for a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the relaxation of social distancing measures for foreign arrivals in early July 2021 sparked an unprecedented outbreak in Japan. Based on estimates, the 11,000 athletes participating in the Tokyo Olympics may introduce anywhere from seven to eleven COVID-19 infections.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Taihao Wang, Huadong Du, Wei Cheng, Zezheng Zhao, Jiping Zhang, Chengjun Zhou
Summary: The 24th Winter Olympics in Beijing attracted global attention to the air quality in the area. The Beijing government implemented strict measures to control pollutant emissions and used the opportunity to study the impact of meteorological conditions on pollutants. The study found that different circulation types influenced the concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, SO2, and CO in Beijing. Analysis of circulation types, wind fields, and pollutant concentrations during the Winter Olympics showed that the air quality in Beijing was generally better.
FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Maria R. Monteiro, Alexis J. Marshall, Ian Hawes, Charles K. Lee, Ian R. McDonald, Stephen Craig Cary
Summary: The space-for-time substitution approach has been validated in microbial ecology studies, allowing predictions of ecosystem response to climate change based on the impact of moisture variation on microbial community structure and diversity.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juan Carlos De la Concepcion, Koki Fujisaki, Adam R. Bentham, Neftaly Cruz Mireles, Victor Sanchez De Medina Hernandez, Motoki Shimizu, David M. Lawson, Sophien Kamoun, Ryohei Terauchi, Mark J. Banfield
Summary: The study reveals the association between the blast fungus Maganaporthe oryzae effector AVR-Pii and rice Exo70 alleles OsExo70F2 and OsExo70F3, which is sensed by the immune receptor pair Pii via an integrated RIN4/NOI domain. The crystal structure of AVR-Pii in complex with OsExo70F2 shows that the effector binds to a conserved hydrophobic pocket in Exo70, defining an effector/target binding interface. This discovery provides new opportunities for engineering disease resistance by manipulating plant exocytosis.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kathrin Busch, Beate M. Slaby, Wolfgang Bach, Antje Boetius, Ina Clefsen, Ana Colaco, Marie Creemers, Javier Cristobo, Luisa Federwisch, Andre Franke, Asimenia Gavriilidou, Andrea Hethke, Ellen Kenchington, Furu Mienis, Sadie Mills, Ana Riesgo, Pilar Rios, Emyr Martyn Roberts, Detmer Sipkema, Lucia Pita, Peter J. Schupp, Joana Xavier, Hans Tore Rapp, Ute Hentschel
Summary: This study presents a large-scale analysis of microbial diversity in deep-sea sponges. They show that sponge microbial abundance status, geographic distance, sponge phylogeny and the physical-biogeochemical environment drive microbiome composition, in descending order of relevance. The uniqueness of each deep-sea sponge ground stresses the need for their strategic preservation.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Correction
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kathrin Busch, Beate M. Slaby, Wolfgang Bach, Antje Boetius, Ina Clefsen, Ana Colaco, Marie Creemers, Javier Cristobo, Luisa Federwisch, Andre Franke, Asimenia Gavriilidou, Andrea Hethke, Ellen Kenchington, Furu Mienis, Sadie Mills, Ana Riesgo, Pilar Rios, Emyr Martyn Roberts, Detmer Sipkema, Lucia Pita, Peter J. Schupp, Joana Xavier, Hans Tore Rapp, Ute Hentschel
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Jiorgos Kourelis, Mauricio P. Contreras, Adeline Harant, Hsuan Pai, Daniel Ludke, Hiroaki Adachi, Lida Derevnina, Chih-Hang Wu, Sophien Kamoun
Summary: This study reveals that the cell surface receptor Cf-4 requires intracellular NRC3 to trigger cell death response. The activity of NRC3 requires intact N-terminal MADA motif, while pathogen effectors can suppress Cf-4-triggered hypersensitive cell death.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mauricio P. Contreras, Hsuan Pai, Yasin Tumtas, Cian Duggan, Enoch Lok Him Yuen, Angel Vergara Cruces, Jiorgos Kourelis, Hee-Kyung Ahn, Kim-Teng Lee, Chih-Hang Wu, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Lida Derevnina, Sophien Kamoun
Summary: Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors are important components of plant and metazoan innate immunity. In asterid plant species, the NLR required for cell death (NRC) immune receptor network is composed of multiple resistance protein sensors and downstream helpers. The study reveals the activation and release model for NLRs in the NRC immune receptor network and provides insights into the activation mechanisms of plant paired NLRs.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hee-Kyung Ahn, Xiao Lin, Andrea Carolina Olave-Achury, Lida Derevnina, Mauricio P. Contreras, Jiorgos Kourelis, Chih-Hang Wu, Sophien Kamoun, Jonathan D. G. Jones
Summary: Plant pathogens affect crop yields. Plants have evolved innate immunity based on NLR immune receptors that detect pathogen-derived effectors. Helper NLRs support the function of sensor NLRs, but the mechanism is not fully understood. This study uncovers the formation of resistosomes by Rpi-amr3 sensor NLR and helper NLRs NRC2 and NRC4, highlighting the importance of NRC resistosome formation in developing disease-resistant crops.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu Sugihara, Yoshiko Abe, Hiroki Takagi, Akira Abe, Motoki Shimizu, Kazue Ito, Eiko Kanzaki, Kaori Oikawa, Jiorgos Kourelis, Thorsten Langner, Joe Win, Aleksandra Bialas, Daniel Ludke, Mauricio P. Contreras, Izumi Chuma, Hiromasa Saitoh, Michie Kobayashi, Shuan Zheng, Yukio Tosa, Mark J. Banfield, Sophien Kamoun, Ryohei Terauchi, Koki Fujisaki
Summary: Studies integrating genetic analyses of rice and rice blast fungus have discovered a new pathogen recognition specificity in the immune receptor Pik, which mediates resistance to the fungus. The resistance is triggered by the recognition of a previously unidentified effector protein encoded by the avirulence gene AVR-Mgk1. This discovery highlights the complexity of host-pathogen gene-for-gene interactions and the coevolution between the immune receptor and effector proteins.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Hiroaki Adachi, Toshiyuki Sakai, Adeline O. Harant, Hsuan Pai, Kodai Honda, AmirAli Toghani, Jules Claeys, Cian Duggan, Tolga Bozkurt, Chih-hang Wu, Sophien Kamoun
Summary: Plants have a powerful immune system to fight pathogens, but inappropriate activation of immunity can lead to growth inhibition and autoimmunity. A non-canonical immune receptor gene has been found to modulate the immune receptor network, maintaining balance in the immune system. Understanding how plants regulate their immune receptor system can guide the breeding of disease resistant crops with minimal fitness penalties.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Soohyun Oh, Sejun Kim, Hyo-Jeong oPark, Myung-Shin Kim, Min-Ki Seo, Chih-Hang Wu, Hyun-Ah Lee, Hyun-Soon Kim, Sophien Kamoun, Doil Choi
Summary: In this study, multiple functional NLRs were identified from nonhost pepper that can recognize effectors of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans and confer disease resistance in a surrogate system. These findings suggest that nonhost NLRs could be a valuable resource for developing crops with durable resistance against fast-evolving pathogens.
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jiorgos Kourelis, Clemence Marchal, Andres Posbeyikian, Adeline Harant, Sophien Kamoun
Summary: Plant pathogens pose a threat to crop yield and global food security. Modifying natural components has limitations and can be ineffective against new pathogen strains. Made-to-order synthetic plant immune receptors offer the potential to tailor resistance to specific pathogen genotypes.
Article
Biology
Josephine H. R. Maidment, Motoki Shimizu, Adam R. Bentham, Sham Vera, Marina Franceschetti, Apinya Longya, Clare E. M. Stevenson, Juan Carlos De la Concepcion, Aleksandra Bialas, Sophien Kamoun, Ryohei Terauchi, Mark J. Banfield, Jian-Min Zhou
Summary: A subset of plant intracellular NLR immune receptors can detect effector proteins secreted by phytopathogens through unconventional integrated domains resembling the effectors' host targets, activating plant defenses. This study engineered novel Pik-1 variants using knowledge of the biochemical interactions between the effector AVR-Pik and its host target, resulting in disease resistance in transgenic rice against blast fungus isolates carrying AVR-PikC/F. This demonstrates that effector target-guided engineering of NLR receptors can provide new-to-nature disease resistance in crops.
Article
Biology
Thomas C. C. Mathers, Roland H. M. Wouters, Sam T. T. Mugford, Roberto Biello, Cock van Oosterhout, Saskia A. A. Hogenhout
Summary: The English and Indian grain aphids belong to a cryptic species complex with highly differentiated lineages. Hybridization has significantly contributed to grain aphid diversity, increasing the evolutionary potential of this important pest species.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mauricio P. Contreras, Daniel Ludke, Hsuan Pai, AmirAli Toghani, Sophien Kamoun
Summary: Plants use both cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to detect pathogens and activate an immune response. The intracellular recognition process is mainly mediated by immune receptors called nucleotide binding and leucine rich-repeat (NLR) proteins. NLRs trigger a strong immune reaction upon pathogen detection, often leading to programmed cell death. They can function as singleton receptors or form more complex networks. This article provides an overview of plant NLR biology, focusing on NLR networks and discussing recent advances in structure, function, and activation, as well as emerging topics like modulator NLRs, pathogen suppression, and NLR bioengineering.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hiroaki Adachi, Toshiyuki Sakai, Jiorgos Kourelis, Hsuan Pai, Jose L. Gonzalez Hernandez, Yoshinori Utsumi, Motoaki Seki, Abbas Maqbool, Sophien Kamoun
Summary: The evolutionary history of ZAR1, an immune receptor in plants, can be traced back to early flowering plant lineages. Through sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis, we discovered 120 orthologs of ZAR1 in various plant species and identified highly conserved features as well as novel molecular features of ZAR1.
