Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wenjia Qu, Jingyi Xia, Chong Luo, Chen Zhang, Renjie Chen, Wei Lv, Quanhong Yang
Summary: High-energy-density batteries that can operate at a wide temperature range are in high demand for performance-critical applications. Lithium-sulfur batteries show promise as high-energy-density batteries capable of maintaining performance in extreme temperatures. However, issues such as shuttle effect, safety concerns, sluggish reaction kinetics, and charge-transfer process hinder their practical use in extreme temperature conditions. This paper comprehensively discusses the challenges faced by high and low-temperature lithium-sulfur batteries and proposes solutions that focus on electrolyte and electrode materials to overcome these challenges and extend the operating temperature range of these batteries.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Physics, Applied
Majed Chergui, Martin Beye, Shaul Mukamel, Cristian Svetina, Claudio Masciovecchio
Summary: Free-electron lasers and high-harmonic-generation table-top systems provide intense, coherent and tunable ultrashort pulses of extreme-ultraviolet to hard X-ray photons. These sources enable a wide range of nonlinear optical and spectroscopic methods at short wavelengths, with element and orbital selectivity, sub-nanometre structural resolution, and high momentum transfer. They offer unique opportunities for polarization control and sub-femtosecond time resolution.
NATURE REVIEWS PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Mostafizur Rahman, Arpan Bhattacharyya
Summary: The measurement of multipole moments of astrophysical objects through gravitational wave observations is studied in this paper. The effect of quadrupolar deformation induced by the spin of secondary objects on the gravitational wave phase is computed, and an estimate is provided to determine if LISA can distinguish different astrophysical objects. It is found that LISA can distinguish black holes from highly spinning astrophysical objects for systems with relatively large mass ratio, and the effect of spin-induced quadrupolar deformation on the GW phase is significant even for systems with small mass ratio.
Article
Plant Sciences
Meri Barbafieri, Francesca Bretzel, Andrea Scartazza, Daniela Di Baccio, Irene Rosellini, Martina Grifoni, Roberto Pini, Alice Clementi, Elisabetta Franchi
Summary: This study assessed the mechanisms of tolerance to saline and hypersaline conditions in four different halophytes. The results showed that two dicotyledonous species (Suaeda fruticosa and Halocnemum strobilaceum) exhibited higher tolerance to high salt concentrations compared to two monocotyledonous species (Juncus maritimus and Phragmites australis). The distribution of biomass and major cations among different plant organs also indicated the different strategies adopted by these plants in adapting to high salt environments.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Shuliang Wang, Qi Li, Chuanfeng Zhao, Xingquan Zhu, Hanning Yuan, Tianru Dai
Summary: Peak clustering, a density based clustering method, has shortcomings in finding cluster centers in low density clusters and detecting normal points as noises. Extreme clustering, which identifies density extreme points and introduces a noise detection module, overcomes these drawbacks and improves performance significantly.
INFORMATION SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Guichuan Zhang, Francis R. Lin, Feng Qi, Thomas Heumueller, Andreas Distler, Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, Ning Li, Philip C. Y. Chow, Christoph J. Brabec, Alex K. -Y. Jen, Hin-Lap Yip
Summary: Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have undergone three stages of development, including optimizing bulk heterojunctions, improving donor-acceptor match, and developing non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). NFAs have resulted in higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) surpassing 15% due to reduced energy losses and increased quantum efficiencies. The review provides an update on recent progress in OPV technology, including novel NFAs and donors, understanding structure-property relationships, and commercialization challenges.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Suhas Eswarappa Prameela, Tresa M. Pollock, Dierk Raabe, Marc Andre Meyers, Assel Aitkaliyeva, Kerri-Lee Chintersingh, Zachary C. Cordero, Lori Graham-Brady
Summary: This viewpoint article discusses the importance of materials for extreme environments, and presents insights from experts in different fields regarding the most exciting advances, opportunities, and bottlenecks.
NATURE REVIEWS MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Megan Boucher-Routhier, Bill Ling Feng Zhang, Jean-Philippe Thivierge
Summary: The article presents a rapid one-shot learning rule for training recurrent neural networks to reproduce natural images, sequential patterns, and high-resolution movie scenes. This approach offers a new avenue for one-shot learning in biologically realistic recurrent networks.
Article
Mechanics
Sergey A. Dyachenko, Vera Mikyoung Hur, Denis A. Silantyev
Summary: Numerical computations reveal the characteristics of periodic travelling waves on the free surface of a two-dimensional flow of incompressible inviscid fluid under gravity. The angle between the fluid surface and the horizontal is of particular interest. The results show that there is a boundary layer where the angle rises sharply from 0 at the crest to a local maximum of 30.3787°, an outer region where the angle descends to 0 at the trough for negative vorticity or rises to a maximum greater than 30° before falling sharply to 0 at the trough for large positive vorticity, and a transition region where the angle oscillates around 30°.
JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Dawid Dudkowski, Patrycja Jaros, Tomasz Kapitaniak
Summary: We study the extreme transient dynamics of four self-excited pendula coupled via the movable beam. The research investigates the problem of transient dynamics preceding the stabilization of the network on a final synchronous attractor, showing that the width of transient windows can become extremely long. The relation between the behavior of the system within the transient regime and its initial conditions is examined and described.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Philippa T. K. Saunders, Andrew W. Horne
Summary: Endometriosis is a common condition associated with infertility that causes chronic pain in women. The exact cause and natural history are still uncertain, but hormonal, neurological, and immunological factors are believed to play a role in the development of symptoms. Current interventions have limited efficacy with high rates of symptom recurrence.
Article
Economics
Enzo D'Innocenzo, Andre Lucas, Bernd Schwaab, Xin Zhang
Summary: We propose a dynamic semiparametric framework to study time variation in tail parameters, using the Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) and a conditional framework. Empirical datasets of daily U.S. equity returns and 15-min euro area sovereign bond yield changes demonstrate the usefulness of the approach.
JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & ECONOMIC STATISTICS
(2023)
Review
Plant Sciences
Jianxin Shi, Gynheung An, Andreas P. M. Weber, Dabing Zhang
Summary: To achieve the goals of the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, transformative change is needed in our agrifood systems to ensure food security in the face of climate change, population growth, urbanization, and natural resource depletion. Rice, a major staple cereal crop, has historically contributed to global food security and will continue to do so in the future. Advances in research and breeding practices have helped meet increasing demands, but the future of rice production depends on resilient cultivars that can adapt to changing environmental conditions. This Special Issue highlights the field of rice-environment interactions and proposes future directions for rice research, including the development of environment-resilient rice varieties.
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Hung Tan, Travis Dore, Veronica Dexheimer, Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler, Nicolas Yunes
Summary: We investigate the observable consequences of structure in the speed of sound within neutron stars and find the possibility of ultraheavy and mass twin neutron stars. These findings are supported by observational and theoretical constraints, including recent gravitational-wave and x-ray observations. Our results have important implications for future observations of neutron stars and their impact on nuclear astrophysics.
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Fabrizio Durante, Juan Fernandez-Sanchez, Manuel Ubeda-Flores
Summary: This study examines the extreme points of semilinear copulas and provides their characterization, while also exploring the broader setting of conjunctive aggregation functions. The results contribute to a better understanding of the properties of these functions.
FUZZY SETS AND SYSTEMS
(2022)