Journal
AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
Volume 159, Issue -, Pages 148-155Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.028
Keywords
Pore-forming toxin; Non-selective membrane permeability; Colloid osmotic lysis; Fish kills; Karlotoxin
Categories
Funding
- ECOHAB [NA04NOS4780276]
- NIEHS [1RO1ES021949-01]
- NIGMS [GM056481]
- Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (ECOHAB) program [709]
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This study demonstrates that the polyketide toxin karlotoxin 2 (KmTx 2) produced by Karlodinium veneficum, a dinoflagellate associated with fish kills in temperate estuaries world-wide, alters vertebrate cell membrane permeability. Microfluorimetric and electrophysiological measurements were used to determine that vertebrate cellular toxicity occurs through non-selective permeabilization of plasma membranes, leading to osmotic cell lysis. Previous studies showed that KmTx 2 is lethal to fish at naturally-occurring concentrations measured during fish kills, while sub-lethal doses severely damage gill epithelia. This study provides a mechanistic explanation for the association between K. veneficum blooms and fish kills that has long been observed in temperate estuaries worldwide. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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