An Epilepsy-Related Region in the GABA(A) Receptor Mediates Long-Distance Effects on GABA and Benzodiazepine Binding Sites

The GABA(A) receptor mutation gamma(2)R43Q causes absence epilepsy in humans. Homology modeling suggests that gamma(2)Arg43, gamma(2)Glu178, and beta(2)Arg117 participate in a salt-bridge network linking the gamma(2) and beta(2) subunits. Here we show that several mutations at these locations exert similar long-distance effects on other intersubunit interfaces involved in GABA and benzodiazepine binding. These mutations alter GABA-evoked receptor kinetics by slowing deactivation, enhancing desensitization, or both. Kinetic modeling and nonstationary noise analysis for gamma(2)R43Q reveal that these effects are due to slowed GABA unbinding and slowed recovery from desensitization. Both gamma(2)R43Q and beta(2)R117K also speed diazepam dissociation from the receptor's benzodiazepine binding interface, as assayed by the rate of decay of diazepam-induced potentiation of GABA-evoked currents. These data demonstrate that gamma(2)Arg43 and beta(2)Arg117 similarly regulate the stability of both the GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites at the distant beta/alpha and alpha/gamma inter-subunit interfaces, respectively. A simple explanation for these results is that gamma(2)Arg43 and beta(2)Arg117 participate in interactions between the gamma(2) and beta(2) subunits, disruptions of which alter the neighboring intersubunit binding sites in a similar fashion. In addition, gamma(2)Arg43 and gamma(2)Glu178 regulate desensitization, probably mediated within the transmembrane domains near the pore. Therefore, mutations at the gamma/beta intersubunit interface have specific long-distance effects that are propagated widely throughout the GABA(A) receptor protein.