Article
Food Science & Technology
Klaus Abraham, Jan Hielscher, Jan Kuhlmann, Bernhard H. Monien
Summary: The study found that 2/3-MCPD esters and glycidol are absorbed in the intestine, and their metabolites DHPMA and 2/3-MCPD in urine can serve as biomarkers for external exposure. The urinary excretion rates of 2/3-MCPD vary after consuming different fats, indicating partial conversion in the stomach.
MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yuko Shimamura, Ryo Inagaki, Minami Oike, Yuri Wada, Hiroshi Honda, Shuichi Masuda
Summary: This study investigated the effect of consuming a high-fat diet on internal exposure to glycidol. The findings showed that continuous consumption of lipid-rich foods reduces lipase activity, leading to decreased release of glycidol and reduced exposure. Therefore, monitoring lipase activity can provide a comprehensive assessment of the risk of glycidol ester exposure.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Yuko Shimamura, Ryo Inagaki, Minami Oike, Beibei Dong, Wan Gong, Shuichi Masuda
Summary: The study analyzed 48 commercially prepared foods to identify other sources of exposure to GEs and 3-MCPDEs, all of which contained relatively high amounts of both contaminants. There was a correlation between the amounts of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in individual foods. This is the first report to clarify the content in multiple types of commercially prepared foods that are actually on the market.
Review
Toxicology
Elena Fattore, Alessia Lanno, Alberto Danieli, Simone Stefano, Alice Passoni, Alessandra Roncaglioni, Renzo Bagnati, Enrico Davoli
Summary: 3-MCPD is a chiral molecule that exists naturally as a mixture of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. It was studied as a male antifertility drug in the 1970s, but research was discontinued due to observed side effects. However, it was later found to be a widespread contaminant in processed foods. Toxicological studies have shown that 3-MCPD primarily affects the kidney and reproductive system, followed by the neurological and immune systems. Further research is needed to understand the absorption, metabolism, and long-term toxicity of 3-MCPD esters for improved risk assessment.
ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jessica K. Beekman, Samanta Popol, Michael Granvogl, Shaun MacMahon
Summary: The study found that the levels of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula products were generally low and compliant with EU regulations, indicating successful measures have been taken to reduce the concentrations of these contaminants over a 4-year period. The data collected in this study are useful for estimating exposure levels of these compounds for German infants.
FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Xia Cui, Lei Zhang, Dajin Yang, Jianwen Li, Qing Liu, Haixia Sui, Zhaoping Liu, Pingping Zhou
Summary: A dietary exposure assessment was conducted for 3-and 2-MCPD esters in infant formulas available for consumption in Chinese infants and toddlers aged 0-3 years old. The study found that the overall health risk of Chinese infants and toddlers exposed to 3-MCPD esters was low, but some infants aged 0-6 months with high formula consumption (95th percentile) raised concerns.
FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Mingming Zhang, Tosin Michael Olajide, Wenming Cao
Summary: The study developed and validated an automated method using GC-MS/MS for the analysis of 2-/3-MCPDE and GE in milk powders. The LODs for 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE, and GE were 0.5 μg/kg, 0.5 μg/kg, and 0.8 μg/kg, respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE, and GE in milk powders ranged from not detected to 65.0 μg/kg, not detected to 149.5 μg/kg, and not detected to 35.5 μg/kg, respectively. The exposure assessment indicated that the average milk powder consumption does not pose a significant health concern, but high consumption (P95) may pose a potential risk to infants aged 0-6 months.
JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Ji-Cai Fan, Hua-Li He, Ren Ren, Shu-ting Wang
Summary: The study analyzed vegetable-oil food samples from the Hangzhou market for fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD. The findings suggest that the potential health risks from dietary 3-MCPD esters in edible oils were low concern for most Hangzhou residents, but attention is needed for consumers with excessive consumption of certain types of oils. Urban residents had lower dietary intake exposure to 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD esters compared to rural residents.
FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Flavio Tollini, Alice Occhetta, Francesca Broglia, Vincenzo Calemma, Stefano Carminati, Giuseppe Storti, Mattia Sponchioni, Davide Moscatelli
Summary: In this study, the conditions for the formation of harmful compounds during the use of GL and EPI in aqueous environments were identified and corresponding processes to prevent their formation were designed. Experimental results showed that temperature, pH, and chloride ion concentration were crucial factors for the formation of these compounds. The developed kinetic model provided a prediction of reaction rates and served as a basis for optimizing processes by considering the critical role of pH.
REACTION CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Pasquale Ioime, Elena Piva, Michele Pozzebon, Jennifer P. Pascali
Summary: This study introduces a new automated method for the fast and sensitive determination of potentially carcinogenic contaminants in edible oils, which has been validated to be fit-for-purpose. The method shows high sensitivity and accuracy, and can be applied to various types of oil samples.
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Farzaneh Kamandloo, Karamatollah Rezaei, Ali Aghakhani
Summary: The inhibitory effects of extracts and powders from mint, ginger, and cinnamon on the formation of 3-MCPD esters in refined olive oil were investigated. Mint powder showed the strongest reducing effect. Mint and ginger, both as dry extracts and plant powders, reduced the formation of 3-MCPD esters during storage.
JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jan Kuhlmann
Summary: An international robin round was conducted to validate a method for quantifying 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD, and glycidol in plant-based food emulsifiers. The modified AOCS Official Method Cd29b-13 was used for the analysis, with participants from six laboratories in four European countries. Results showed good repeatability and reproducibility for the quantification of these compounds in the tested food emulsifiers.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jorge Antonio Custodio-Mendoza, Andrea Ramos, Rosa Antonia Lorenzo, Antonia M. Carro
Summary: A novel, fast, and cost-effective indirect enzymatic method was developed to accurately assess the total 3-MCPD content in canned food. The method achieved outstanding analytical results and demonstrated its reliability through specific derivatization and analysis techniques.
Article
Food Science & Technology
K. Beekmann, S. J. Sloot, S. B. Oey, S. P. J. van Leeuwen
Summary: This study investigated the occurrence of 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE, and GE in marine oil supplements derived from fish liver, algae, and krill. The results showed that fish oil had the highest levels, while krill-based oils had the lowest levels. The concentrations of the analytes were generally lower in 2020 compared to 2018.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Cigdem Sevim, Mustafa Ozkaraca, Mehtap Kara, Nergis Ulas, Ali Sefa Mendil, Denisa Margina, Aristidis Tsatsakis
Summary: 3-MCPD and glycidol were found to induce apoptosis in rat brain tissue, as evidenced by decreased miR-21 gene expression, increased PTEN levels, decreased Akt gene expression, and increased Caspase 3 and AIF immunopositivity in the cerebellum granular layers.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Klaus Abraham, Jan Hielscher, Jan Kuhlmann, Bernhard H. Monien
Summary: The study found that 2/3-MCPD esters and glycidol are absorbed in the intestine, and their metabolites DHPMA and 2/3-MCPD in urine can serve as biomarkers for external exposure. The urinary excretion rates of 2/3-MCPD vary after consuming different fats, indicating partial conversion in the stomach.
MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Nick Bergau, Zhiyong Zhao, Klaus Abraham, Bernhard H. Monien
Summary: This study identified and quantified the oxidative metabolites 2-chlorohydracrylic acid and 3-chlorolactic acid of 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD in human urine samples for the first time. However, these metabolites may not be suitable as exposure biomarkers for low doses of bound 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD due to lack of specificity.
MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Nick Bergau, Uta M. Herfurth, Benjamin Sachse, Klaus Abraham, Bernhard H. Monien
Summary: Estragole and anethole are secondary metabolites found in commonly used herbs, with potential genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Research has shown similarities in their metabolic pathways and bioactivation. Specific adducts were detected in human blood, indicating internal exposure to these compounds.
FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Iris Trefflich, Stefan Dietrich, Annett Braune, Klaus Abraham, Cornelia Weikert
Summary: This study compared concentrations of SCFA, BCFA, ammonia, and fecal pH between vegans and omnivores, finding no significant differences in SCFA and BCFA concentrations but lower fecal pH and ammonia concentration in vegans. The results suggest that bacterial functionality may be adapted to varying nutrient availability in these diets.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Stefan Dietrich, Iris Trefflich, Per Magne Ueland, Juliane Menzel, Katharina J. Penczynski, Klaus Abraham, Cornelia Weikert
Summary: This study compared the dietary intake and plasma concentration of amino acids (AAs) between vegans and omnivores. It found that vegans consumed lower levels of AAs but still met the requirements. In addition, the different AAs intake seemed to influence the composition of gut microbiota.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Katharina J. Penczynski, Benedikt Cramer, Stefan Dietrich, Hans-Ulrich Humpf, Klaus Abraham, Cornelia Weikert
Summary: Vegans have a higher exposure to the mycotoxin OTA compared to omnivores, but there is no significant difference in exposure to other mycotoxins. Further research is needed to evaluate mycotoxin exposure from plant-based diets.
MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Bernhard H. Monien, Nick Bergau, Janneke G. F. Hogervorst, Tim S. Nawrot, Iris Trefflich, Cornelia Weikert, Klaus Abraham
Summary: The study reveals that FF-Val is present in human samples, with lower levels in vegans and non-smokers compared to omnivores and smokers. Additionally, maternal samples have higher levels of FF-Val compared to newborn samples, possibly due to placental barrier. Dietary habits and tobacco smoking are key factors influencing the formation of FFA-Val.
MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Fabian Gauch, Klaus Abraham, Bernhard H. Monien
Summary: This study developed a new method for simultaneous quantification of adducts of eight genotoxic substances in hemoglobin. The method is simple, sensitive, and accurate, and can be extended to other adducts.
ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Klaus Abraham, Iris Trefflich, Fabian Gauch, Cornelia Weikert
Summary: Following a strict raw food diet may lead to undersupply of energy and essential nutrients. In this study, strict raw food eaters had lower body fat percentage and lower intake of certain nutrients compared to non-raw food eaters. They also had lower levels of HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, zinc, and vitamin D3.
Editorial Material
Environmental Sciences
Bernhard H. Monien, Klaus Abraham
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Stefan Dietrich, Anna-Liisa Elorinne, Nick Bergau, Klaus Abraham, Tilman Grune, Juha Laakso, Daniela Weber, Cornelia Weikert, Bernhard H. Monien
Summary: This cross-sectional study compared the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in vegans and omnivores, showing that protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde concentrations did not differ between the two groups. However, Finnish vegans had lower concentrations of 3-nitrotyrosine, and German vegans had lower excretion levels of 8-iso-PGF2α, with a trend for lower levels of 8-OHdG. These findings contribute to understanding the relationship between diet and oxidative stress.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Juliane Menzel, Alessa Longree, Klaus Abraham, Matthias B. Schulze, Cornelia Weikert
Summary: The vegan diet has gained popularity in Germany in recent years. A study comparing vegans and omnivores found that vegans have a lower intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids, but higher intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3, and omega-6 fatty acids. Additionally, vegans have more favorable plasma fatty acid profiles, with lower proportions of saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids, but higher proportions of omega-6 fatty acids. Overall, a vegan diet is associated with a more favorable dietary fat intake and plasma fatty acid profile, which may reduce cardiovascular risk.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Katharina J. Penczynski, Thomas Remer, Juliane Menzel, Klaus Abraham, Cornelia Weikert
Summary: The study found significant differences in acid-base profiles between vegans and omnivores, with vegans exhibiting a pronounced alkaline excess and omnivores having a relatively low acid load. However, within the spectrum of alkaline to low acid load, no association with bone health was found.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Klaus Abraham, Katharina Penczynski, Bernhard H. Monien, Nick Bergau, Sven Knueppel, Cornelia Weikert
Summary: This study compared the concentration of a specific metabolite in the urine of vegans and omnivores, and found that the difference disappeared when adjusted for creatinine. However, after adjusting for creatinine, the concentration in omnivores was found to be 26% lower than in vegans. This may be due to the consumption of meat and fish as exogenous sources of creatinine.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Helena Mertens, Benedikt Noll, Tanja Schwerdtle, Klaus Abraham, Bernhard H. Monien
Summary: The aim of this study was to select and optimize efficient extraction methods for eleven perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA). It was found that using methanol and ENVI-Carb columns for extraction provided the simplest and most efficient results.
ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)