Journal
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume 532, Issue -, Pages 344-352Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.027
Keywords
Airborne particulate matter; PM10; Drugs of abuse; Prescription drugs
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Funding
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [CSD2009-00065]
- Generalitat de Catalunya [2014 SGR 418, 2014 SGR 291]
- JAE Program (CSIC-European Social Funds)
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In recent years monitoring the presence of psychotropic compounds in wastewater has been proposed as a tool to estimate community drug use. Measurement of drugs of abuse (DAs) in airborne particulate is currently being explored as an additional tool to evaluate drug use patterns in time and space, and identify potential emission sources. In this study, we comprehensively monitor the occurrence of 22 licit and illicit DAs and transformation products, belonging to 6 different chemical groups, in airborne particulate matter (PM10) in the city of Barcelona. In order to study spatial and temporal variations, samples were collected from 12 different selected locations on one weekday(Wednesday) and one weekend day (Saturday), during five consecutive weeks. A previously developed analytical methodology, based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination, was adapted for analysis of the target compounds with satisfactory performance, ensuring reliability of results. Among the investigated compounds, cannabinol (CBN), cocaine (COC), and methamphetamine (MA) were found to be the most ubiquitous and abundant compounds in PM10 with concentrations ranging from 0.7 pg/m(3) (MA) to 6020 pg/m(3) (CBN). Significant differences in
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