Review
Construction & Building Technology
Jeetika Patangia, T. Jothi Saravanan, K. I. Syed Ahmed Kabeer, Kunal Bisht
Summary: Red Mud (RM), a waste generated by the alumina industry, can effectively replace cement in concrete, providing a greener construction material. RM improves the compressive strength and durability properties of cementitious materials, while also stabilizing heavy metals.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Qingsong Liu, Xiangci Xue, Zengqing Sun, Xiaoxian Huang, Min Gan, Zhiyun Ji, Xuling Chen, Xiaohui Fan
Summary: A valorization process was developed to convert phosphogypsum and red mud into a precursor for high-strength, alkali-activated materials using a sodium silicate solution containing seawater as the activator. Mineral reconstruction during calcination resulted in the formation of ye'elimite, anhydrite, and gehlenite, which contributed to the alkali-activation process and the formation of thenardite and C-A-S-H gel. The mechanical properties of the synthesized materials, ranging from 12.9 MPa to 40.6 MPa, were controlled by the activator modulus and liquid-to-solid ratio. This research contributes to the efficient valorization of phosphogypsum and red mud into cementitious construction materials.
Article
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
M. Archambo, S. K. Kawatra
Summary: Red mud is hazardous waste with a high generation rate and global stockpile. It is often disposed in environmentally harmful ways, but methods like CO(2) neutralization can reduce its impact. Innovative processes like the iron nugget method can extract valuable minerals from red mud and provide value to the waste.
MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xianghui Kong, Gaoqiang Wang, Shu Rong, Yunpeng Liang, Mengmeng Liu, Yanhao Zhang
Summary: To reduce environmental harm caused by industrial solid waste and solve the disposal problem of excavated soil in buried pipeline management projects, this study proposes a method of producing soil-based controlled low strength materials (CLSM) using fly ash and red mud as partial replacements for cement. The flowability, unconfined compressive strength, phase composition, and microstructure of CLSM were characterized. The results showed that fly ash significantly improved the flowability, while red mud had more advantages in strength development. The combination of 20% fly ash and 30% red mud resulted in a CLSM with a flowability of 248 mm and unconfined compressive strength of 1.08, 1.49, and 3.77 MPa at 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively. The hydration products of CLSM mainly consisted of calcium silicate hydrate gels, ettringite, and calcite. Fly ash provided nucleation sites for cement hydration, while red mud promoted the dissolution of SiO2 and Al2O3 in fly ash through alkali excitation, resulting in a dense microstructure and improved mechanical properties.
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Shaohan Wang, Huixin Jin, Yong Deng, Yuandan Xiao
Summary: In recent years, the environmental issues caused by the accumulation of red mud have become increasingly serious. Research on the comprehensive utilization of red mud is mainly focused on the fields of construction and chemical industry, environmental protection and agriculture, as well as valuable elements extraction industry. The current industrial consumption of red mud in China has been measured, and suggestions for solving the red mud problem have been proposed.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2021)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Hongcheng Mi, Longsheng Yi, Qian Wu, Jin Xia, Binghang Zhang
Summary: This paper introduces the characteristics and state of red mud (RM) and summarizes the relevant research on its comprehensive utilization. The results show that the comprehensive utilization of RM focuses on building material preparation, valuable metal extraction, catalyst synthesis, and environmental protection. The paper also discusses the existing problems and proposes prospects and suggestions for different utilization methods of RM.
WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ahmad Shakeel, Komal Rizwan, Ujala Farooq, Shahid Iqbal, Ataf Ali Altaf
Summary: Rapid industrial development, vehicles, domestic activities, and mishandling of garbage are the main sources of pollutants that are destroying the atmosphere. Continuous monitoring of these pollutants is necessary for the safety of the environment and human beings. Hybrid materials containing organic and inorganic components show potential for gas sensing applications. Polymeric nanohybrids, composed of various polymeric materials and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, exhibit better performance due to their larger surface area and synergistic effect.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Sneha Samal
Summary: This review presents the potential utilization of red mud as a resource for valuable metal recovery. While many studies have shown promising results, most of them are limited to lab-scale, indicating a need for large-scale investigations. Establishing in-house metal recovery facilities in collaboration with the alumina industry could lead to cost-benefit analysis.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Zhaofeng Li, Jian Zhang, Shucai Li, Chunjin Lin, Yifan Gao, Chao Liu
Summary: A new concept was proposed to utilize red mud and other industrial by-products to prepare cementitious materials. Laboratory tests showed that carbonation of tail gas can enhance the cementitious reactivity of solid wastes, leading to the production of high performance cementitious materials from multiple solid waste systems.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2021)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Pengfei Wu, Xiaoming Liu, Zengqi Zhang, Chao Wei
Summary: Red mud, a harmful waste from alumina production, can improve the properties of resin composites and reduce resource usage and costs when incorporated. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research status of using red mud in resin composites, discussing different treatment methods and preparation processes, as well as the theory of interface formation and bonding.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Songhui Liu, Yuanyuan Shen, Yuli Wang, Peiliang Shen, Dongxing Xuan, Xuemao Guan, Caijun Shi
Summary: A room temperature in-situ wet carbonation method was proposed to activate sintering red mud waste (SRM) and sequester CO2, which resulted in the formation of fine calcite crystals and silica-alumina gel. The carbonated SRM exhibited a high CO2 sequestration rate and pozzolanic reactivity, making it a potential cement mineral admixture.
CEMENT & CONCRETE COMPOSITES
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Hellna Tehubijuluw, Riki Subagyo, Maulil Fatma Yulita, Reva Edra Nugraha, Yuly Kusumawati, Hasliza Bahruji, Aishah Abdul Jalil, Hartati Hartati, Didik Prasetyoko
Summary: The utilization of red mud as a precursor for mesoporous ZSM-5 synthesis was explored, showing promising results for efficient methylene blue adsorption with the potential for regeneration. The study examined the impact of crystallization time and mesoporosity on the adsorption performance, highlighting the importance of surface area and pore volume in optimizing adsorption capacity.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kui Zeng, Xuejun Quan, Qibing Jiang, Zhanghao Jiang, Facheng Qiu
Summary: This study investigates an efficient dealkalization process for red mud by using microwaveroasting and water leaching with the addition of CaO. It is found that microwaveroasting has better dealkalization efficiency and lower energy consumption compared to conventional roasting. The optimal conditions for dealkalization are determined as a CaO/SiO2 molar ratio of 2.4, a microwave power of 2.5 kW, a roasting temperature of 500 degrees C, a roasting time of 45 min, a liquid-solid ratio of 8 mL/g, a leaching temperature of 90 degrees C, and a leaching time of 80 min. Ball milling enhances the mixing degree of red mud and CaO, while microwave roasting effectively improves the crystal phase transformation of the alkali component in red mud.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Danila Ferreira Niero, Oscar Rubem Klegues Montedo, Adriano Michael Bernardin
Summary: This study successfully synthesized nano alpha-alumina by an inorganic sol-gel method. By varying the concentration of the precipitating agent and the order of reaction, aluminum hydroxide was obtained as the product. Aluminum chloride and aluminum nitrate were used as precursors, and the desired nano alumina phase was obtained after calcination at 1,200 degrees C. The alumina powders were analyzed using various characterization techniques, and the results showed that 89% Al(OH)(3) and 58% Al2O3 were obtained after calcination under the condition of simultaneous addition of 12 M sodium hydroxide, aluminum chloride, and aluminum nitrate.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL SOLID-STATE MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Rishu Prasad, Avinash R. Pai, S. Olutunde Oyadiji, Sabu Thomas, S. K. S. Parashar
Summary: In this study, red mud, a hazardous industrial waste, was used as a filler in silicone rubber and multi-wall carbon nanotubes to create nanocomposites for efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The results showed that the nanocomposite sheets exhibited superior microwave absorption and EMI shielding performance, making them suitable for commercial shielding applications. The key highlight of this study is the sustainable use of a hazardous waste to suppress EMI pollution.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)