Article
Social Issues
Christian Hugo Hoffmann
Summary: This paper reviews the Turing Test proposed by Turing and criticizes its validity and robustness. It suggests basic requirements for a more robust and valid approach to evaluating AI systems in the future, including feasibility, thriving research, empirical nature, specificity, relevance, expansiveness, repeatability, solvability, unpredictability, non-anthropomorphic nature, and non-binary nature.
TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Nils Kobis, Luca D. Mossink
Summary: The study conducted experimental assessments using the state-of-the-art Natural Language Generation algorithm GPT-2, revealing that in some cases people find it difficult to reliably distinguish algorithmically generated poems, but have a higher ability to discern poems written by humans. Additionally, there is a slight aversion towards poems created by algorithms, regardless of whether participants were informed about the algorithmic origin.
COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
(2021)
Article
Law
Margot E. Kaminski, Jennifer M. Urban
Summary: Artificial intelligence (AI) is being increasingly used in various decision-making processes, raising concerns about discrimination, accuracy, fairness, and accountability. While recent proposals in the United States focus on systemic governance, this Article argues for an individual right to contest AI decisions, adapted for the digital age. By establishing contestation archetypes and discussing processes, this Article provides normative and practical guidance for establishing a right to contest AI decisions.
COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW
(2021)
Article
Education & Educational Research
Alexandra Farazouli, Teresa Cerratto-Pargman, Klara Bolander-Laksov, Cormac McGrath
Summary: AI chatbots in higher education have sparked a debate on education practices worldwide. This study focuses on Generative AI and ChatGPT to examine their impact on university teachers' assessment practices and their perceptions of ChatGPT's performance in response to home examination prompts. Through Turing Test-inspired experiments and semi-structured interviews, it was found that there was a range of passing rates and suspicions for chatbot-generated texts, while teachers tended to be more critical when grading student-written texts. Drawing on post-phenomenology and mediation theory, the study discusses AI chatbots as potentially disruptive in higher education practices.
ASSESSMENT & EVALUATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION
(2023)
Article
Philosophy
David Billy Udell, Eric Schwitzgebel
Summary: The proposed AI Consciousness Test and Chip Test offer a satisfactory means of validation for a wide range of consciousness theories, but face criticism from theorists due to the 'audience problem'. Nevertheless, these tests represent progress and may be used in conjunction with other AI consciousness tests.
JOURNAL OF CONSCIOUSNESS STUDIES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Baptiste Jacquet, Caline Jaraud, Frank Jamet, Sabine Gueraud, Jean Baratgin
Summary: This study found that prior knowledge about the conversation can significantly reduce the cognitive cost required to infer the meaning of messages written in textisms.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Julian Ruggaber, Kenan Ahmic, Jonathan Brembeck, Daniel Baumgartner, Jakub Tobolar
Summary: AI-For-Mobility (AFM) is a research platform at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) that focuses on investigating and implementing novel control methods based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). The platform utilizes a hybrid vehicle equipped with sensors to collect data, and a by-wire control system allows for applications in automated driving.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
B. Jack Copeland
Summary: This article provides an overview of Turing's early contributions to machine intelligence and his influence on other early practitioners. He established the field of machine intelligence in the 1940s and introduced the concept of heuristic search. His research covered areas such as search, learning, robotics, chess, genetic algorithms, and artificial neural networks.
IEEE ANNALS OF THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jan Soeffner
Summary: This paper argues for the need for a more precise terminology regarding the cognitive abilities of artificial intelligence. By emphasizing that thinking goes beyond content production, it offers a definition of meaning based on a clear distinction between living and machine intelligence. A key argument is the reappraisal of the Turing Test's relevance in determining which theories of meaning and consciousness are no longer viable, as they can be replicated by software without acquiring conscious experience. By focusing on the theories that have not yet failed this reversed Turing Test, the paper explores the implications of AI on the human condition, posing three questions regarding machine consciousness, consciousness-less AI, and the potential merge of human and machine intelligence. These questions ultimately lead to an examination of three potential futures for humanism, shaped by the relationship between Human Intelligence and AI.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Martyn Amos, Jamie Webster
Summary: In this article, a Turing test is used to identify realistic features of real crowds that are often omitted from simulation models. It is found that untrained individuals often have an idealized view of crowd movement, but classification performance significantly improves after training, confirming the existence of features that allow participants to identify real crowds.
Article
Oncology
Hanqiang Ouyang, Fanyu Meng, Jianfang Liu, Xinhang Song, Yuan Li, Yuan Yuan, Chunjie Wang, Ning Lang, Shuai Tian, Meiyi Yao, Xiaoguang Liu, Huishu Yuan, Shuqiang Jiang, Liang Jiang
Summary: This study used the Turing test to assess the ability of an AI system for spine tumor detection. The results showed that the AI system had a similar detection ability to doctors' annotations and could be an efficient tool to assist radiologists or orthopedists in primary spine tumor detection.
FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Miguel A. Ferrer, Moises Diaz, Cristina Carmona-Duarte, Jose Juan Quintana, Rejean Plamondon
Summary: This paper proposes a framework to generate synthetic 3D on-air signatures using the lognormality principle, which mimics the complex neuromotor control processes as the fingertip moves. The framework supports decision making in automatic signature verification and contributes to the synthesis of new signature trajectories, kinematic information, and duplicate samples. The validation and perception tests show the feasibility and human likeness of the generated specimens.
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
L. B. van den Oever, W. A. van Veldhuizen, L. J. Cornelissen, D. S. Spoor, T. P. Willems, G. Kramer, T. Stigter, M. Rook, A. P. G. Crijns, M. Oudkerk, R. N. J. Veldhuis, G. H. de Bock, P. M. A. van Ooijen
Summary: This paper conducts a qualitative evaluation to assess the correlation between various metrics and the clinical usability of deep learning algorithms for organ-at-risk contouring. The results suggest that common quantification metrics may not accurately reflect clinical acceptance, highlighting the need for changes in reporting methods.
JOURNAL OF DIGITAL IMAGING
(2022)
Article
Marine & Freshwater Biology
Kevin J. Flynn, Ricardo Torres, Xabier Irigoien, Jerry C. Blackford
Summary: Digital twins are simulation models that closely replicate reality and are mistaken for real by experts. Plankton, with their simple physiology and ecological significance, are suitable biological targets for digital twinning. Constructing dynamic plankton digital twins would contribute to education, hypothesis testing, and ecosystem model construction, as well as enhance engagement with modeling and increase confidence in predictive simulations.
JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Teresa Heffernan
Summary: Alan Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" is a foundational text in the field of artificial intelligence, influencing many core principles. However, a close analysis reveals problematic logic in the paper, with these principles now proving harmful to both society and the planet.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jessica Morley, Libby Kinsey, Anat Elhalal, Francesca Garcia, Marta Ziosi, Luciano Floridi
Summary: This study aims to answer questions about AI practitioners' understanding, motivation, barriers, and needs when it comes to translating ethical principles into practice through a mixed-methods qualitative analysis.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Josh Cowls, Andreas Tsamados, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi
Summary: This article analyzes the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in combatting global climate change and highlights two crucial opportunities and problems associated with its development. It assesses the carbon footprint of AI research and emphasizes the need for effective governance.
Article
Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture
Abigail Dommer, Lorenzo Casalino, Fiona Kearns, Mia Rosenfeld, Nicholas Wauer, Surl-Hee Ahn, John Russo, Sofia Oliveira, Clare Morris, Anthony Bogetti, Anda Trifan, Alexander Brace, Terra Sztain, Austin Clyde, Heng Ma, Chakra Chennubhotla, Hyungro Lee, Matteo Turilli, Syma Khalid, Teresa Tamayo-Mendoza, Matthew Welborn, Anders Christensen, Daniel Ga Smith, Zhuoran Qiao, Sai K. Sirumalla, Michael O'Connor, Frederick Manby, Anima Anandkumar, David Hardy, James Phillips, Abraham Stern, Josh Romero, David Clark, Mitchell Dorrell, Tom Maiden, Lei Huang, John McCalpin, Christopher Woods, Alan Gray, Matt Williams, Bryan Barker, Harinda Rajapaksha, Richard Pitts, Tom Gibbs, John Stone, Daniel M. Zuckerman, Adrian J. Mulholland, Thomas Miller, Shantenu Jha, Arvind Ramanathan, Lillian Chong, Rommie E. Amaro
Summary: This study aims to completely revise the current models of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus by providing atomic-level views of the virus within respiratory aerosols. It extends the capabilities of multiscale computational microscopy to address the limitations of current experimental methods in interrogating aerosols at the atomic/molecular level. The study presents initial scientific discoveries for the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, highlighting the potential scientific impact of the work.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS
(2023)
Review
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
David Wong, Luciano Floridi
Summary: This article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of Meta's Oversight Board (OB) and proposes suggestions for improvement. The strengths of the OB include enhancing transparency, influencing reform through policy recommendations, and assertiveness in interpreting jurisdiction. Weaknesses include limited jurisdiction, impact, Meta's control over OB precedents, and lack of diversity. The article emphasizes the challenges and opportunities presented by the OB's relationship with Meta and governments, and suggests reforms to improve control, apply precedents, and address institutional weaknesses.
MINDS AND MACHINES
(2023)
Article
Communication
Josh Cowls, Jessica Morley, Luciano Floridi
Summary: Events such as the riot at the United States Capitol and tightening constraints on the Russian public sphere have underscored the importance of app store governance, which is dominated by Apple and Google. This article analyzes the removals of the American app Parler and the Russian app Smart Voting from app stores in 2021, and identifies three critical limitations: the dominance of Apple and Google, the opacity of their app store guidelines, and the arbitrary enforcement of these guidelines in specific cases. The potential efficacy of legislative proposals in the EU and US to address these issues is assessed, and recommendations for more effective and socially responsible app store governance are offered.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY
(2023)
Article
Communication
Huw Roberts, Josh Cowls, Emmie Hine, Jessica Morley, Vincent Wang, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi
Summary: This article compares the artificial intelligence strategies of China and the European Union, focusing on their high-level aims, approaches to promoting AI development and use, and the intended beneficiaries of these policies. By examining the similarities and differences, the article suggests areas where both the EU and China can learn from each other and improve their AI governance to achieve more ethical outcomes. Policy recommendations are provided for European and Chinese policymakers.
INFORMATION SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jakob Mokander, Margi Sheth, David S. Watson, Luciano Floridi
Summary: There is a gap between principles and practices in AI ethics due to the lack of a well-defined material scope. This article reviews and compares previous attempts to classify AI systems using three mental models: the Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix. Each model has its own strengths and weaknesses. By conceptualizing different ways of classifying AI systems, organizations can demarcate the material scope of their AI governance frameworks.
MINDS AND MACHINES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Emmie Hine, Luciano Floridi
Summary: The US is promoting a vision of a Good AI Society through its AI Bill of Rights, emphasizing community-oriented equity unique amongst its peers. However, there is a risk of rights violations and the non-binding nature of the bill may lead the private sector to ignore it.
MINDS AND MACHINES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Austin Clyde, Xuefeng Liu, Thomas Brettin, Hyunseung Yoo, Alexander Partin, Yadu Babuji, Ben Blaiszik, Jamaludin Mohd-Yusof, Andre Merzky, Matteo Turilli, Shantenu Jha, Arvind Ramanathan, Rick Stevens
Summary: Protein-ligand docking is a computational method used to identify potential drug compounds, and it has been widely used in drug discovery. This study demonstrates the power of high-speed ML models by scoring 1 billion molecules in less than a day. By utilizing surrogate AI-based models as a pre-filter, the workflow is 10 times faster than the standard technique in screening compound libraries.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Riccardo Ghioni, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi
Summary: In the West, open source intelligence (OSINT) accounts for 80 to 90 percent of intelligence activities conducted by Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) and intelligence services. Advancements in data mining, machine learning, and computing power have accelerated and automated intelligence collection and analysis, resulting in more accurate results. However, these developments raise concerns regarding governance, ethics, legality, and social implications.
Correction
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jakob Mokander, Margi Sheth, David S. Watson, Luciano Floridi
MINDS AND MACHINES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Claudio Novelli, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi
Summary: Accountability is essential in the governance of AI, but its definition is often unclear due to the complex nature of AI systems. In this article, we define accountability in terms of answerability and propose a framework consisting of three conditions (authority recognition, interrogation, and limitation of power) and seven features (context, range, agent, forum, standards, process, and implications). We analyze this framework through four accountability goals (compliance, report, oversight, and enforcement) and argue that these goals are complementary and prioritized based on the use of accountability and the objectives of AI governance.
Proceedings Paper
Computer Science, Theory & Methods
Mikhail Titov, Matteo Turilli, Andre Merzky, Thomas Naughton, Wael Elwasif, Shantenu Jha
Summary: This paper provides a performance evaluation of the Process Management Interface for Exascale (PMIx) and its reference implementation PRRTE on the leadership-class HPC platform Summit. It explores the impact of resource partitioning and task execution allocation on workflow execution efficiency. The experimental results show that partitioning resources across multiple PRRTE Distributed Virtual Machine (DVM) environments and using the PMIx interface to launch tasks can improve workload execution performance and resource utilization.
JOB SCHEDULING STRATEGIES FOR PARALLEL PROCESSING, JSSPP 2022
(2023)
Article
Law
Francesca Mazzi, Abid Adonis, Josh Cowls, Andreas Tsamados, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi
Summary: This article reviews the proposed reforms to the UK's data protection regime, highlighting the controversial points of divergence from the GDPR. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring the effects of these reforms on the overall data protection framework.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Jakob Moekander, Margi Sheth, Mimmi Gersbro-Sundler, Peder Blomgren, Luciano Floridi
Summary: While the use of AI systems brings economic and social benefits, it also poses ethical, legal, and technical challenges. Many companies have committed to ethical principles for guiding AI design and use, but translating these principles into effective practice and operationalizing AI governance presents challenges. This article draws on the experience of AstraZeneca to address these challenges and provide best practices for organizations seeking to implement AI governance.
FRONTIERS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
(2022)
