Article
Thermodynamics
Yousif M. Alkhulaifi, Naef A. A. Qasem, Syed M. Zubair
Summary: This paper compares the performance of an ejector-based battery thermal management system (BTMS) to a basic system from thermal and exergoeconomic perspectives. The results show that the ejector-based system has a lower total cost rate and energy consumption, demonstrating its technical and economic feasibility for thermal management in electric and hybrid electric vehicles.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Mohammad Waseem, Mumtaz Ahmad, Aasiya Parveen, Mohd Suhaib
Summary: This article summarizes the current state, energy storage options, charging techniques, challenges, and future prospects of electric vehicles (EVs) and their batteries and battery management systems (BMS). The importance of research and development towards EVs lies in their eco-friendly nature, suppression of petroleum products, greener transport, and zero carbon emissions.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shrikant R. Patil, Bhaskara Rao Lokavarapu, Hareesh Karonnin Thaliyanveedu
Summary: Battery thermal management plays a significant role in maintaining battery temperature within a defined range for superior performance and battery life. This study focuses on optimizing battery cooling plates at a module level, with the Z-type plate showing better performance compared to the original plate. The optimized design of the cooling plate resulted in a 23.68% decrease in pressure drop, 23.28% improvement in temperature uniformity, and a 45.53% decrease in Delta T.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jing Ma, Yongfei Sun, Shiang Zhang
Summary: The mileage range of electric vehicles is limited due to battery energy and charging time constraints. To ensure normal use of electric vehicles, a comprehensive energy consumption optimization of the thermal management system is necessary. This study establishes a test bench for an integrated battery thermal management system and develops an optimal thermal management strategy based on analyzing energy-saving potential. Experimental tests show that the proposed strategy effectively reduces energy consumption of the thermal management system while maintaining battery temperature within an appropriate range.
Article
Thermodynamics
Q. L. Yue, C. X. He, M. C. Wu, J. B. Xu, T. S. Zhao
Summary: In this study, a three-dimensional modeling and investigation of a liquid thermal management system for electric vehicle battery packs were conducted. The effects of system structures, coolant flow direction layout, flow rates, and inlet temperatures on thermal performance were explored. The results provide valuable guidance for the development of efficient pack-level liquid battery thermal management systems in electric vehicles.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hongqian Wei, Yan Zhong, Likang Fan, Qiang Ai, Wenqiang Zhao, Rui Jing, Youtong Zhang
Summary: This study proposes a battery management system that coordinates solar panels and lithium battery systems to optimize the performance of power batteries through modeling, developing prediction strategies, and designing charging strategies. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed power prediction strategy accurately estimates available power, while the optimal charging strategy reduces charging time and temperature rise.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Quanqing Yu, Lei Dai, Rui Xiong, Zeyu Chen, Xin Zhang, Weixiang Shen
Summary: This paper proposes a fault diagnosis method based on an improved model, and uses this method to detect faults in current sensors. Experimental results show that the method can detect faults in current sensors more accurately and quickly, and has the ability to detect minor faults under different operating conditions and temperatures.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lin Wang, Xiaowei Zhao, Zhongwei Deng, Lin Yang
Summary: This paper focuses on the accurate estimation of State of Charge (SoC) for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. A new model updating strategy based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is proposed, which effectively enhances the SoC estimation accuracy by modifying model parameters and capacity according to the change rate of ohmic impedance.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
A. K. M. Ahasan Habib, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Shayla Islam, Rohit Sharma, Rosilah Hassan, Nazmus Nafi, Kusum Yadav, Shoayee Dlaim Alotaibi
Summary: This paper highlights the importance of energy storage technologies in electric vehicles, specifically focusing on batteries and supercapacitors. It provides a comprehensive study and evaluation of different types of batteries, supercapacitors, and balancing circuits, discussing their chemistry, advantages, disadvantages, and performance. The insights gathered from this study will aid in choosing the appropriate energy storage device for future electric vehicle systems.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND ASSESSMENTS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuangqi Li, Pengfei Zhao
Summary: This paper presents a flexible and reliable battery management method based on battery big data platform and Cyber-Physical System technology. By developing an adaptive data cleaning method and feature extraction model, the quality of cloud battery data and accuracy of battery modeling are improved. Experimental results show high usability and effectiveness of the proposed methods in cloud battery management and battery modeling.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jeremy Lempert, Phillip J. Kollmeyer, Melissa He, Mike Haussmann, James S. Cotton, Ali Emadi
Summary: In the pursuit of ultrafast charging electric vehicles, the selection of suitable battery cells and effective thermal management are critical. This study compares four different cells and evaluates their suitability for ultrafast charging through lab experiments and thermal modeling. A liquid-cooled test module is designed and detailed thermal models are developed to analyze the module's temperature during charging cycles.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Haosong He, Xiangjie Chen, Ashley Fly, Vishal Saini
Summary: In this study, a new approach (FAED approach) is proposed to fit the temperature-sensitive parameters and corresponding activation energies to experimental data with a single discharge process, reducing the testing time and enabling effective thermal analysis of EV batteries.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hengrui Liu, Chuang Wen, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Yu Han, Sherman Chi-Pok Cheung, Sanghoon Kook, Guan Heng Yeoh
Summary: This study proposes a novel battery thermal management system powered by low-grade combustion waste heat to reduce fire risks in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The study analyzes the internal flow structure and performance of the system using a wet-steam model and investigates the effect of superheating of the primary steam. The results show that the proposed system can achieve improved performance with the optimal superheating conditions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Quanqing Yu, Yuwei Nie, Simin Peng, Yifan Miao, Chengzhi Zhai, Runfeng Zhang, Jinsong Han, Shuo Zhao, Michael Pecht
Summary: In recent years, frequent electric vehicle safety incidents related to batteries have raised concerns about the adequacy of current international safety standards. China, as the leading producer of batteries for electric vehicles, has developed its own national standards, but the unique value of these standards is in question. This review paper analyzes the Chinese safety standards from various perspectives and provides recommendations for building better international battery safety standards.
Article
Thermodynamics
Shradhdha Sarvaiya, Sachin Ganesh, Bin Xu
Summary: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) bridge the gap between traditional internal combustion engine vehicles and electric motor-powered vehicles. Battery life evaluation and Energy Management Strategy (EMS) play crucial roles in prolonging battery lifespan. This research compares different control strategies for battery life optimization, emphasizing the impact of parameters like temperature and current on battery aging.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Fabian Meishner, Cem Unlubayir, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: Wayside energy recovery systems (WERS) can increase energy efficiency in DC railway grids. Our work presents a novel concept for a direct grid-coupled, uncontrolled WERS based on a commercial lithium-ion-titanate-oxide (LTO) cell. Field measurements on two vehicles support the investigations.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Felix Hildenbrand, Dominik Ditscheid, Elias Barbers, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: The anode overhang has a significant influence on the ageing trajectory of lithium-ion batteries. It affects the cell balancing by transferring active lithium between the anode overhang and the active anode. This study demonstrates that the anode overhang also influences the open-circuit voltage, leading to a persistent rise.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hendrik Pegel, Dominik Wycisk, Alexander Scheible, Luca Tendera, Arnulf Latz, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: Various automobile manufacturers are using large-format cylindrical lithium-ion cells with innovative tab design for future vehicles. This study focuses on a cylindrical lithium-ion cell with a novel full-tab design and advanced cathode and anode materials for automotive high-performance applications. The internal heat path of the enhanced tab design is accurately modeled and validated, and the spatially-resolved physico-chemical model is extensively validated with experimental data. The validated model is used to investigate optimal fast-charging times and thermal management strategies for large-format cylindrical cells.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Correction
Chemistry, Physical
Logan Ward, Susan Barbinec, Eric J. Dufek, David A. Howey, Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan, Muratahan Aykol, David A. C. Beck, Benjamin Blaiszik, Bor-Rong Chen, George Crabtree, Simon Clark, Valerio De Angelis, Philipp Dechent, Matthieu Dubarry, Erica E. Eggleton, Donal P. Finegan, Ian Foster, Chirranjeevi Balaji Gopal, Patrick K. Herring, Victor W. Hu, Noah H. Paulson, Yuliya Preger, Dirk Uwe-Sauer, Kandler Smith, Seth W. Snyder, Shashank Sripad, Tanvir R. Tanim, Linnette Teo
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhongbao Wei, Xiaofeng Yang, Yang Li, Hongwen He, Weihan Li, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: This paper proposes a machine learning-based fast charging strategy for lithium-ion batteries. By using a reduced-order electrochemical-thermal model in the cloud, the soft actor-critic deep reinforcement learning algorithm is exploited to train the strategy. Hardware-in-Loop tests and experiments show that the proposed strategy effectively mitigates risks and improves the safety and longevity of batteries during fast charging. Compared to the commonly-used empirical protocol, the proposed approach extends the battery cycle life by about 75%.
ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Daniel Martin Brieske, Alexander Warnecke, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: As an alternative to lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries have shown great potential due to their higher energy density, improved safety, and lower material costs. In the next few years, it is possible to achieve an energy density of 500-600Wh kg-1. However, there are still challenges in commercializing and monitoring the condition of these batteries.
ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hubert Maximilian Sistig, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: Driven by global and local environmental concerns, public transport operators are transitioning to battery-powered electric buses. The total cost of ownership is the most crucial factor in choosing the electric bus concept. This paper analyzes the relationship between electrification and operational planning, focusing on vehicle scheduling and crew scheduling.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Christopher Hecht, Jan Figgener, Xiaohui Li, Lei Zhang, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: Electric vehicles are becoming dominant in the global automobile market due to their environmental friendliness. This paper creates standard load profiles for different power levels, station sizes, and operating environments based on a large-scale empirical dataset. The study reveals that the average power per charge point increases with rated station power, especially for power above 100 kW, and decreases with the number of charge points per station for AC chargers. It also shows how the shape of the power curve largely depends on the station environment, with urban settings experiencing the highest average power of 0.71 kW on average, resulting in an annual energy sale of 6.2 MWh. These findings suggest that the rated grid capacity can be lower than the sum of the rated power of each charge point.
Article
Thermodynamics
Xiaohui Li, Zhenpo Wang, Lei Zhang, Fengchun Sun, Dingsong Cui, Christopher Hecht, Jan Figgener, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: The increasing adoption of electric vehicles presents new challenges and opportunities for EV-grid integration. Predicting EV charging demand, optimizing charging infrastructure, and implementing smart charging scheduling schemes are crucial for efficient EV-grid interactions. This paper provides a comprehensive review on EV behavior modeling and its applications in EV-grid integration algorithm development, discussing various models to describe EV usage patterns, charging decision making processes, and response to smart charging schemes.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Alexander Epp, Sunny Rai, Finn van Ginneken, Andreas Varchmin, Juergen Koehler, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: This article proposes a methodology for optimizing cooling plate topologies in the concept phase of battery system development, using a lumped-mass modeling approach and parameter preselection. It enables quick and efficient evaluation of different liquid cooling plate designs.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Valentin Steininger, Peter Huesson, Katharina Rumpf, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: This study aims to generate virtual customer driving data of mild-hybrid electric vehicles using automotive simulation models and stochastic customer driving profiles, in order to establish a simulation database for model training purposes and conduct lifetime simulations for new vehicles in the market. Mapping algorithms ensure a realistic representation of individual customer driving behavior. The results show significant differences in aging implications due to individual driving behavior and environmental conditions, with Asian customers exhibiting about 33% higher aging rate per driven kilometer compared to European customers during a 10-year simulation.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Jiageng Ruan, Changcheng Wu, Hanghang Cui, Weihan Li, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: This paper proposes a Dual-Motor Two-Speed All-Wheel-Drive (DMTS-AWD) electrified powertrain and utilizes an advanced Energy Management Strategy (EMS) to improve motor efficiency and driving range. Simulation results demonstrate that the energy consumption of this system is comparable to global optimization methods.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Matthias Faber, Oliver Buitkamp, Simon Ritz, Martin Boerner, Jonathan Berger, Julian Friedrich, Arno Arzberger, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: This study presents a new method for accurately and easily determining the specific heat capacity of battery cells of any form factor. By using specific temperature changes, the specific heat capacities of different shaped cells can be determined, and it was found that pouch cells have significantly higher specific heat capacities.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
David Wasylowski, Sven Neubauer, Matthias Faber, Heinrich Ditler, Morian Sonnet, Alexander Bloemeke, Philipp Dechent, Alexander Gitis, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: This work presents a scalable and in-situ method for imaging the structural state of battery cells. By using ultrasound waves and processing the reflected wave instead of the transmitted one, depth information for later signal parts is obtained from time-of-flight data. An algorithm is developed to analyze the reflected ultrasound wave and calculate individual reflections from material interfaces within the electrode stack. The generated images show clear correlation with optical images and indicate the presence of lithium-plating.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Electrochemistry
Alexander Reiter, Susanne Lehner, Oliver Bohlen, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Summary: Determining the average temperature and temperature distribution within a battery system is essential for system design and operation. This study introduces a generic thermal battery system model and validates its accuracy and computational efficiency.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Sicheng Jiao, Shixiang Wang, Minge Gao, Min Xu
Summary: This paper presents a non-contact method of thickness measurement for thin-walled rotary shell parts based on a chromatic confocal sensor. The method involves using a flip method to obtain surface profiles from both sides of the workpiece, measuring the decentration and tilt errors of the workpiece using a centering system, establishing a unified reference coordinate system, reconstructing the external and internal surface profiles, and calculating the thickness. Experimental results show that the method can accurately measure the thickness of a sapphire spherical shell workpiece and is consistent with measurements of other materials.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Rajeev Kumar, Sajal Agarwal, Sarika Pal, Alka Verma, Yogendra Kumar Prajapati
Summary: This study evaluated the performance of a CaF2-Ag-MXene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor at different wavelengths. The results showed that the sensor achieved the maximum sensitivity at a wavelength of 532 nm, and higher sensitivities were obtained at shorter wavelengths at the expense of detection accuracy.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Attilio Di Nisio, Gregorio Andria, Francesco Adamo, Daniel Lotano, Filippo Attivissimo
Summary: Capacitive sensing is a widely used technique for a variety of applications, including avionics. However, current industry standard Capacitive Level Sensors (CLSs) used in helicopters perform poorly in terms of sensitivity and dynamic characteristics. In this study, novel geometries were explored and three prototypes were built and tested. Experimental validation showed that the new design featuring a helicoidal slit along the external electrode of the cylindrical probe improved sensitivity, response time, and linearity.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Kai Yang, Huiqin Wang, Ke Wang, Fengchen Chen
Summary: This paper proposes an effective measurement method for dynamic compaction construction based on time series model, which enables real-time monitoring and measurement of anomalies and important construction parameters through simulating motion state transformation and running time estimation.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Hui Fu, Qinghua Song, Jixiang Gong, Liping Jiang, Zhanqiang Liu, Qiang Luan, Hongsheng Wang
Summary: An automatic detection and pixel-level quantification model based on joint Mask R-CNN and TransUNet is developed to accurately evaluate microcrack damage on the grinding surfaces of engineering ceramics. The model is effectively trained on actual micrograph image dataset using a joint training strategy. The proposed model achieves reliable automatic detection and fine segmentation of microcracks, and a skeleton-based quantification model is also proposed to provide comprehensive and precise measurements of microcrack size.
Review
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Sang Yeob Kim, Da Yun Kwon, Arum Jang, Young K. Ju, Jong-Sub Lee, Seungkwan Hong
Summary: This paper reviews the categorization and applications of UAV sensors in forensic engineering, with a focus on geotechnical, structural, and water infrastructure fields. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sensors with different wavelengths and addresses the challenges of current UAV technology and recommendations for further research in forensic engineering.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Anton Nunez-Seoane, Joaquin Martinez-Sanchez, Erik Rua, Pedro Arias
Summary: This article compares the use of Mobile Laser Scanners (MLS) and Aerial Laser Scanners (ALS) for digitizing the road environment and detecting road slopes. The study found that ALS data and its corresponding algorithm achieved better detection and delimitation results compared to MLS. Measuring the road from a terrestrial perspective negatively impacted the detection process, while an aerial perspective allowed for scanning of the entire slope structure.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Nur Luqman Saleh, Aduwati Sali, Raja Syamsul Azmir Raja Abdullah, Sharifah M. Syed Ahmad, Jiun Terng Liew, Fazirulhisyam Hashim, Fairuz Abdullah, Nur Emileen Abdul Rashid
Summary: This study introduces an enhanced signal processing scheme for detecting mouth-click signals used by blind individuals. By utilizing additional band-pass filtering and other steps, the detection accuracy is improved. Experimental results using artificial signal data showed a 100% success rate in detecting obstacles. The emerging concepts in this research are expected to benefit radar and sonar system applications.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jiqiang Tang, Shengjie Qiu, Lu Zhang, Jinji Sun, Xinxiu Zhou
Summary: This paper studies the magnetic noise level of a compact high-performance magnetically shielded room (MSR) under different operational conditions and establishes a quantitative model for magnetic noise calculation. Verification experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Review
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Krzysztof Bartnik, Marcin Koba, Mateusz Smietana
Summary: The demand for miniaturized sensors in the biomedical industry is increasing, and optical fiber sensors (OFSs) are gaining popularity due to their small size, flexibility, and biocompatibility. This study reviews various OFS designs tested in vivo and identifies future perspectives and challenges for OFS technology development from a user perspective.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Yue Wang, Lei Zhou, Zihao Li, Jun Wang, Xuangou Wu, Xiangjun Wang, Lei Hu
Summary: This paper presents a 3-D reconstruction method for dynamic stereo vision of metal surface based on line structured light, overcoming the limitation of the measurement range of static stereo vision. The proposed method uses joint calibration and global optimization to accurately reconstruct the 3-D coordinates of the line structured light fringe, improving the reconstruction accuracy.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Jaafar Alsalaet
Summary: Order tracking analysis is an effective tool for machinery fault diagnosis and operational modal analysis. This study presents a new formulation for the data equation of the second-generation Vold-Kalman filter, using separated cosine and sine kernels to minimize error and provide smoother envelopes. The proposed method achieves high accuracy even with small weighting factors.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Tonglei Cao, Kechen Song, Likun Xu, Hu Feng, Yunhui Yan, Jingbo Guo
Summary: This study constructs a high-resolution dataset for surface defects in ceramic tiles and addresses the scale and quantity differences in defect distribution. An improved approach is proposed by introducing a content-aware feature recombination method and a dynamic attention mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate the superior accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Qinghong Fu, Yunxi Lou, Jianghui Deng, Xin Qiu, Xianhua Chen
Summary: Measurement and quantitative characterization of aging-induced gradient properties is crucial for accurate analysis and design of asphalt pavement. This research proposes the composite specimen method to obtain asphalt binders at different depths within the mixture and uses dynamic shear rheometer tests to measure aging-induced gradient properties and reveal internal mechanisms. G* master curves are constructed to investigate gradient aging effects in a wide range. The study finds that the composite specimen method can effectively restore the boundary conditions and that it is feasible to study gradient aging characteristics within the asphalt mixture. The study also observes variations in G* and delta values and the depth range of gradient aging effects for different aging levels.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Min Li, Kai Wei, Tianhe Xu, Yali Shi, Dixing Wang
Summary: Due to the limitations of ground monitoring stations in China for the BDS, the accuracy of BDS Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite orbits can be influenced. To overcome this, low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites can be used as additional monitoring stations. In this study, data from two LEO satellites were collected to improve the precise orbit determination of the BDS. By comparing the results with GPS and BDS-2/3 solutions, it was found that including the LEO satellites significantly improved the accuracy of GPS and BDS-2/3 orbits.
