Review
Immunology
Linhai Zhang, Lijia Zhang, Fangjing Li, Wanyu Liu, Zhenzhen Tai, Juan Yang, Haiqing Zhang, Jinmei Tuo, Changyin Yu, Zucai Xu
Summary: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common cause of infectious encephalitis, accounting for nearly half of the confirmed cases. Clinical symptoms of HSV encephalitis are often atypical. HSV PCR in cerebrospinal fluid aids in diagnosis, and prognosis is usually favorable with regular antiviral treatment. Interestingly, some patients with recurrent encephalitis show little antiviral response. HSV PCR in cerebrospinal fluid is negative, but glucocorticoids have a significant effect after treatment. Specific antibodies, such as NMDA receptor antibody and GABA receptor antibody, can be found in the cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting the involvement of the immune system in recurrent encephalitis, although the specific mechanism remains unclear. Based on recent studies, we aim to summarize the relationship between herpes simplex encephalitis and innate immunity, providing further insights for researchers in this field.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Marianne Graninger, Hannes Vietzen, Elisabeth Puchhammer-Stoeckl
Summary: Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is a rare complication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection or reactivation. Certain genetic variants associated with the host NK cell response, such as HLA-E*0101 and rs9916629C, are significantly associated with HSE. These genetic variations could potentially be used as clinical markers to predict HSE prognosis and guide personalized treatment.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Cooper K. Hayes, Christopher K. Villota, Fiona B. McEnany, Stacey Ceron, Sita Awasthi, Moriah L. Szpara, Harvey M. Friedman, David A. Leib, Richard Longnecker, Matthew D. Weitzman, Lisa N. Akhtar
Summary: Clinical HSV-2 isolates collected from neonates with encephalitis are more neurovirulent in human neuronal cell culture and murine models as compared to isolates from neonates with skin-limited disease, suggesting that viral factors contribute to neurologic outcome following human neonatal infection.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Michael A. Hansen, Rodrigo Hasbun
Summary: Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) readmissions are relatively common, particularly among older and sicker individuals. Early signs and symptoms of neurological disease at index were correlated with encephalopathic specific readmissions.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Yongang Li, Jiachen Gu, Youbing Mao, Xijia Wang, Zongshan Li, Xiaomin Xu, Huimin Chen, Yaxing Gui
Summary: This study examined the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exosomes from patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). The study found specific miRNAs highly expressed in AE patients and higher exosome concentration in CSF of HSE patients. Furthermore, the research suggests that HSV may trigger brain autoimmunity in HSE through the presentation of surface autoantigens via exosomes.
MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Eoin P. Flanagan
Summary: This article provides an update on the diagnostic approach and utility of autoantibody testing in paraneoplastic neurologic disorders. Recognition of clinical and neuroimaging features is crucial in selecting high-risk individuals for neural antibody testing and cancer screening. Therapeutic approach generally involves detecting underlying cancer and using combinations of oncologic treatments and immunosuppressant medications.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Tianhao Shan, Yanling Huang, Zibo Zhao, Feng Li, Yifei Wang, Cuifang Ye, Kai Zheng, Zhe Ren
Summary: This study shows that a ketogenic diet (KD), a low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, can restrict the neurotropic infection of HSV-1 and the progression of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in mice. Depletion of gut microbes by antibiotics attenuated the protective function of KD on HSV-1-related neuroinflammation and HSE development.
MICROBES AND INFECTION
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Michael Duggan, Zhongsheng Peng, Yang H. An, Melissa H. Kitner T. Triolo, Andrea Shafer, Christos Davatzikos, Guray Erus, Ajoy Karikkineth, Alexandria Lewis, Abhay A. Moghekar, Keenan Walker
Summary: The study found an association between sHHV infection with white matter volume loss, attentional decline, and astrogliosis. While sHHV was linked to several neurocognitive features, the results did not support an association between sHHV and AD-specific disease processes.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Matylda Barbara Mielcarska, Katarzyna Skowronska, Zbigniew Wyzewski, Felix Ngosa Toka
Summary: Current data strongly indicate that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is a contributing factor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). HSV-1 infection causes damage to neurons and glial cells, as well as modifications in their environment, leading to impaired signal transmission and homeostatic and immune functions. This review discusses the pathological alterations in central nervous system (CNS) cells following HSV-1 infection, including inflammatory responses, oxidative damage, and cellular dysfunctions associated with AD development.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Meng-Shan Tsai, Li-Chiu Wang, Hsien-Yang Tsai, Yu-Jheng Lin, Hua-Lin Wu, Shun-Fen Tzeng, Sheng-Min Hsu, Shun-Hua Chen
Summary: The study reveals that HSV-1 infection activates microglia to protect the host and neurons, with microglia depletion increasing viral lethality and neuron loss. Microglia from infected mice reduce virus infectivity and induce interferon production to inhibit viral replication and neuronal damage.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Xiao Hu, Qiongzhen Zeng, Ji Xiao, Shurong Qin, Yuan Wang, Tianhao Shan, Di Hu, Yexuan Zhu, Kaisheng Liu, Kai Zheng, Yifei Wang, Zhe Ren
Summary: This study revealed that the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes triggers Gasdermin D-dependent pyroptosis in mouse microglia, leading to inflammation caused by HSV-1. The expression levels of NLRP3 and IL-1 beta were significantly increased in a mouse model of herpes simplex encephalitis. These findings provide potential treatment targets for viral inflammation.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Etienne de Montmollin, Claire Dupuis, Pierre Jaquet, Benjamine Sarton, Charline Sazio, Vincent Susset, Marie Conrad, Laurent Argaud, Sophie Demeret, Jean Marc Tadie, Francois Barbier, Michel Wolff, Jean-Francois Timsit, Benoit Visseaux, Romain Sonneville
Summary: This study retrospectively analyzed the prevalence, associated factors, and clinical impact of an initial negative HSV PCR in critically ill patients with PCR-proven HSV encephalitis. The results showed that an initial negative PCR was associated with worse neurologic outcome and highlighted the importance of a systematic multimodal diagnostic approach in these patients.
CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Virology
Md Sadique Hussain, Gaurav Gupta, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Waleed Hassan Almalki, Imran Kazmi, Sami I. Alzarea, Shakir Saleem, Ruqaiyah Khan, Najla Altwaijry, Samir Patel, Archita Patel, Sachin Kumar Singh, Kamal Dua
Summary: The immunopathology of HSV-associated neuroinflammation is a complex field of study that explores the interactions between the virus and the host's immune responses, as well as the impact of immune reactions on the outcome of infections. This review extensively analyzes the diverse immune reactions triggered by HSV and delves into the delicate balance between immune defense and immunopathology-induced neural damage.
REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Gabriel Westman, Elisabeth Aurelius, Clas Ahlm, Kaj Blennow, Kristina Eriksson, Liza Lind, Silvia Schliamser, Fredrik Sund, Henrik Zetterberg, Marie Studahl
Summary: The study showed that NFL levels predict long-term neurocognitive outcomes in HSE patients, indicating a causal chain where brain tissue damage increases the risk of NMDAR autoimmunization, leading to prolonged CSF inflammation.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Shuyong Zhu, Abel Viejo-Borbolla
Summary: HSV-1 and HSV-2 are two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide, causing a variety of diseases. Immune responses play a key role in controlling HSV, but the virus has developed mechanisms to evade them. The severity of disease upon HSV infection varies among individuals, partly due to genetic polymorphisms. HSV has lytic and latent replication cycles, with the latter leading to disease.