4.7 Article

Effects of alloy elements on microstructure and creep properties of fine-grained nickel-based superalloys at moderate temperatures

Publisher

ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.02.002

Keywords

Fine-grain; TM-321; Superalloy; Tensile strength; Creep

Ask authors/readers for more resources

This study investigated the effects of alloy elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the TM-321 and Mar-M247 nickel-based superalloys using a fine-grain process. The results showed that the yield strength of the TM-321 superalloy was higher than that of the Mar-M247 superalloy at room and moderate temperatures, and the creep test found the life of the TM-321 superalloy 1.55 times longer than that of the Mar-M247 superalloy at 760 degrees C/724 MPa because of three major reasons. First, the TM-321 superalloy displayed a superior solid-solution strengthening effect than the Mar-M247 superalloy due to its higher content of solid-solution strengthening elements. Second, the higher content of Ta addition in the TM-321 superalloy, which can inhibit the gamma' phase from coagulating and growing at high temperatures during long exposure, helped decrease the gamma' phase size and enhance its thermal stability. Moreover, TM-321 possessed a larger number of primary gamma' and secondary gamma' phases exhibiting superior creep resistance because of the precipitation strengthening effect. Third, superior to that of the M23C6 carbides of the Mar-M247 superalloy, the thermal stability of the M6C type carbide of the TM-321 superalloy helped improve its mechanical properties. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Authors

I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.

Reviews

Primary Rating

4.7
Not enough ratings

Secondary Ratings

Novelty
-
Significance
-
Scientific rigor
-
Rate this paper

Recommended

Article Biophysics

An enhanced electrochemical performance of in milk, pigeon meat and eggs samples using se nanorods capped with Co3O4 nanoflowers decorated on graphene oxide

N. M. Umesh, J. Antolin Jesila, Sea-Fue Wang, K. S. Shalini Devi, M. Govindasamy, Asma A. Alothman, Razan A. Alshgari

Summary: This study reported the novel preparation of selenium nanorods doped cobalt oxide nanoflowers encapsulated with graphene oxide nanocomposite, which exhibited excellent electrochemical detection performance for dimetridazole. The nanocomposite showed promising catalytic reduction activity for dimetridazole and can be applied for clinical sample analysis in biomedical field.

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

An electrochemical sensing of phenolic derivative 4-Cyanophenol in environmental water using a facile-constructed Aurivillius-structured Bi2MoO6

J. Antolin Jesila, N. M. Umesh, Sea-Fue Wang, G. Mani, Asma A. Alothman, Razan A. Alshgari

Summary: This study successfully synthesized a novel Bi2MoO6 nanostructure using a simple method and developed a sensor for detecting 4-cyanophenol through electrochemical technique. The sensor showed good stability, repeatability, and the ability to accurately and quickly detect the target compound.

ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Synergistic effect of Co3O4 nanoparticles with Bauhinia vahlii dry fruits derived activated carbon on energy storage applications

Balasubramanian Sriram, A. Sathiyan, Sea-Fue Wang, E. Elanthamilan, Xavier Benadict Joseph, Jeena N. Baby, J. Princy Merlin, J. Christy Ezhilarasi

Summary: A highly porous sponge like cobalt oxide decorated Bauhinia vahlii dry fruits derived activated carbon composite (Co3O4@BVFC) was synthesized by hydrothermal method and tested as electrode for supercapacitor applications. The electrode displayed a specific capacitance value of 653 F/g at 1 A/g and showed 91% of capacitance retention even after 8000 GCD cycles, demonstrating its suitability as an electrode material for supercapacitors.

JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Materials Science, Ceramics

Dielectric properties of CaO-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic systems in the millimeter-wave frequency range of 20-60 GHz

Sea-Fue Wang, Bo-Cheng Lai, Yung-Fu Hsu, Chun-An Lu

Summary: The as-quenched melts of three CaO-B2O3-SiO2 compositions were investigated for their dielectric and structural properties. The CBS-1 glass-ceramic exhibited the lowest CTE, dielectric constant, and highest dielectric loss attributed to the presence of quartz, while CBS-2 and CBS-3 presented relatively high CTEs and dielectric constants due to beta-CaSiO3 as the major phase. The increase in CaO content led to the relaxation of the structure and low thermal conductivity in CBS-2 and CBS-3.

CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL (2021)

Article Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Synergy of the LaVO4/h-BN Nanocomposite: A Highly Active Electrocatalyst for the Rapid Analysis of Carbendazim

Balasubramanian Sriram, Jeena N. Baby, Yung-Fu Hsu, Sea-Fue Wang, Mary George

Summary: Fungicides play a vital role in agriculture for food production, but their excessive use can pose ecological threats. Electrochemical sensors offer superior characteristics for identifying and monitoring hazardous substances. The synthesized LaV/h-BN composite shows excellent performance in carbendazim detection.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Low-Temperature Planar Oxygen Generator with (Bi1.50Y0.50)0.98Zr0.04O3+δ/Bi1.71Nb0.25Ba0.04O3+δ Dual-Layer Electrolyte Membrane

Jeng-Ting Tsai, Sea-Fue Wang, Yung-Fu Hsu

Summary: A low-temperature planar solid electrolyte oxygen generator (SEOG) based on a (Bi1.50Y0.50)(0.98)Zr0.04O3+delta (BYO)/Bi1.71Nb0.25Ba0.04O3+delta (BBNO) dual-layer electrolyte membrane was developed in this study, showing high oxygen-ion conductivity and hermetic performance at 550 degrees Celsius, but experiencing rapid degradation of oxygen production at high current densities.

JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Integration of samarium vanadate/carbon nanofiber through synergy: An electrochemical tool for sulfadiazine analysis

Jeena N. Baby, Balasubramanian Sriram, Sea-Fue Wang, Mary George

Summary: Antibiotic pollution has raised global concerns, leading to the need for new analytical protocols to monitor and reduce the environmental impact of pharmaceutical products. The study introduces a novel hydrothermal synthesis method for the detection of sulfadiazine, enhancing the detection performance of the sensor.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Onset of hard magnetic MnGa thin film on glass substrate

Cheng-Wei Chang, Jiann-Shing Shieh, Glemarie C. Hermosa, An-Cheng Aidan Sun, Po-Kai Chiu, Donyau Chiang, Chi-Yu Huang, Hsi-Chuan Lu, Sea-Fue Wang

Summary: This study investigated the magnetic properties and microstructure of L1(0) MnGa thin films deposited at different substrate temperatures. The onset of the hard magnetic phase was found to be at 325 degrees C, with an enhancement in properties like saturation magnetization and coercivity as the substrate temperature increased. Results also showed an increase in crystal size and surface roughness with increasing substrate temperature.

JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Electrochemical detection of antipsychotic drug in water samples based on nano/sub-microrod-like CuBi2-xInxO4 electrocatalysts

Periyannan Kaleeswarran, Balasubramanian Sriram, Sea-Fue Wang, Jeena N. Baby, Ayyakannu Arumugam, Anwar L. Bilgrami, Syed A. Hashsham, Futoon Abdullah Sayegh, Chia-Jyi Liu

Summary: In this study, doping In3+ ions into CuBi2O4 nanoparticles significantly enhanced the electrochemical activity for detecting CPZ. The modified electrode showed improved catalytic ability, wider detection range, lower detection limit, and higher sensitivity for CPZ determination. Real sample analysis confirmed the feasibility of using In3+-CuBi2O4 for selective CPZ detection.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Surface engineering of roselike lanthanum molybdate electrocatalyst modified screen-printed carbon electrode for robust and highly sensitive sensing of antibiotic drug

Subramaniyan Vinoth, M. Govindasamy, Sea-Fue Wang, Asma A. Alothman, Razan A. Alshgari

Summary: Efficient electrochemical sensor was developed for sensitive detection of food toxic chemicals, particularly organo arsenic compound roxarsone. The sensor utilized rose-like tetragonal lanthanum molybdates as a modified electrode, which showed enhanced detection of ROX with low detection limit and good stability in neutral supporting electrolyte.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Hydrothermally synthesized cubical zinc manganite nanostructure for electrocatalytic detection of sulfadiazine

Subramaniyan Vinoth, Mani Govindasamy, Sea-Fue Wang, Asma A. Alothman, Razan A. Alshgari

Summary: The electrocatalyst modified electrode showed enhanced detection performance for SFZ drug by selective adsorption and electrostatic attraction. The modified sensor achieved nanomolar detection limit in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.0) with differential pulse voltammetric method, demonstrating great stability and reproducibility.

MICROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

Article Acoustics

Effects of sonochemical approach and induced contraction of core-shell bismuth sulfide/graphitic carbon nitride as an efficient electrode materials for electrocatalytic detection of antibiotic drug in foodstuffs

Mani Govindasamy, Sea-Fue Wang, Albandary Almahri, U. Rajaji

Summary: The ultrasonic-enhanced surface-active bismuth trisulfide based core-shell nanomaterials showed efficient performance as a modified electrode material for constructing a highly sensitive antibiotic sensor. The electrocatalyst of Bi2S3@GCN nanocomposites was significantly expanded for electrochemical applications, showing outstanding selectivity, stability, and reproducibility in real samples.

ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Electrochemistry

High-Performance Electrochemical Sensor Based on Yttrium Sulfide Nanoparticles Decorated Carbon Nitride Heterostructure for Highly Sensitive Detection of Antimicrobial Drug in Biological Samples

Kumar Gokulkumar, Ashok K. Sundramoorthy, Sea-Fue Wang, A. Harikrishnan, Razan A. Alshgari

Summary: The research focuses on the electrochemical steadfastness of the antimicrobial sulfathiazole drug and its constructed detection approach, using yttrium sulfide nanoparticles/graphitic carbon nitride heterostructure. The modified drug sensor displays higher sensitivity, wider linear-range responses, lower limit of detection, and high selectivity, making it suitable for real sample detection with potential real-world applications.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Fabrication of highly sensitive anticancer drug sensor based on heterostructured ZnO-Co3O4 capped on carbon nitride nanomaterials

N. M. Umesh, J. Antolin Jesila, Sea-Fue Wang, Mani Govindasamy, Razan A. Alshgari, Mohamed Ouladsmane, I. V. Asharani

Summary: The zinc oxide-cobalt oxide capped on carbon nitride nanocomposite prepared via hydrothermal assisted sonochemical synthesis is effective in detecting the anti-cancer drug flutamide, showing good sensitivity and detection performance. It is suitable for analyzing biological samples such as urine and blood serum.

MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2021)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Surface Engineering of Three-Dimensional-like Hybrid AB2O4 (AB = Zn, Co, and Mn) Wrapped on Sulfur-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide: Investigation of the Role of an Electrocatalyst for Clioquinol Detection

Balasubramanian Sriram, Jeena N. Baby, Sea-Fue Wang, Mary George, Xavier Benadict Joseph, Jeng-Ting Tsai

Summary: The study introduces an electrocatalyst for the effective detection of CQ, utilizing unique flower-like manganese cobaltite (MCO) structures anchored with sulfur-doped reduced graphene oxide (S-rGO). The material shows excellent electrochemical properties, demonstrating its potential as an efficient electrocatalyst for practical analysis and monitoring of real samples.

ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

The role of parent austenite grain size on the variant selection and intervariant boundary network in a lath martensitic steel

Ahmad Mirzaei, Peter D. Hodgson, Xiang Ma, Vanessa K. Peterson, Ehsan Farabi, Gregory S. Rohrer, Hossein Beladi

Summary: This study investigated the influence of parent austenite grain refinement on the intervariant boundary network in a lath martensitic steel. It found that refining the parent austenite grain led to a decrease in the fraction of certain boundaries in the martensite and an increase in the connectivity of low energy boundaries, ultimately improving the impact toughness.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

The interdependence of the thermal and mechanical cycling behaviour in Ti2448 (Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn, wt%)

N. L. Church, C. E. P. Talbot, L. D. Connor, S. Michalik, N. G. Jones

Summary: Metastable beta Ti alloys based on the Ti-Nb system have attracted attention due to their unique properties. However, the unstable cyclic behavior of these alloys has hindered their widespread industrial use. Recent studies have shown that internal stresses, including those from dislocations, may be responsible for this behavior. This study demonstrates that inter-cycle thermal treatments can mitigate the unstable cyclic behavior, providing a significant breakthrough in our understanding of Ti-Nb superelastic materials.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Ultrasonic-assisted soldering of SiC ceramic and aluminum alloy with a commercial inactive Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu solder

Di Zhao, Chenchen Zhao, Ziyang Xiu, Jiuchun Yan

Summary: This study proposes a novel strategy for achieving the bonding of SiC ceramic and Al alloy using ultrasound. The ultrasound promotes the dissolution of Al into the solder, activating the solder and triggering the interfacial reaction between SiC ceramic and solder. With increasing ultrasonic duration, the bonding between SiC and Al transitions from partial to full metallurgical bonding.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Effect of grain orientation and precipitates on the superelasticity of Fe-Ni-Co-Al polycrystalline alloys

Kang Du, Yang Zhang, Guangda Zhao, Tao Huang, Liyuan Liu, Junpeng Li, Xiyu Wang, Zhongwu Zhang

Summary: This paper systematically investigated the evolution of microstructure in Fe-Ni-Co-Al polycrystalline alloys and its effects on mechanical properties. The results revealed that the migration of grain boundaries in different processes is driven by different factors, which impacts the grain orientation and precipitate formation. In the process of directional recrystallization, grains with specific orientations grow in the grain boundary region and form the dominant orientation, while grains with lower migration rate form the minor orientation. The alloy produced through directional recrystallization exhibited good recoverable strain and superelastic strain, while the alloy produced through solid solution treatment showed no evident superelastic behavior.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Effect of thermomechanical processing on compressive mechanical properties of Ti-15Mo additively manufactured by laser metal deposition

Edohamen Awannegbe, Liang Chen, Yue Zhao, Zhijun Qiu, Huijun Li

Summary: This study employed laser metal deposition to additively manufacture Ti-15Mo wt% alloy, and subsequently subjected it to post-fabrication uniaxial thermomechanical processing. The results showed that different zones in the microstructure remained after processing, and deformation mechanisms mainly involved slip and martensite formation. The compressive mechanical properties were found to be dependent on strain rate, with higher flow stress and compressive strength observed at higher strain rates. Grain structure homogenisation was not achieved, leading to anisotropic tensile properties.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Crystallographic texture and the mechanical properties of API 5L X70 pipeline steel designated for an arctic environment

Reza Khatib Zadeh Davani, Enyinnaya George Ohaeri, Sandeep Yadav, Jerzy A. Szpunar, Jing Su, Michael Gaudet, Muhammad Rashid, Muhammad Arafin

Summary: This research aims to investigate the effect of roughing and finishing reductions on crystallographic texture. The results show significant heterogeneity in the centerline region, with higher intensity of certain textures. Drop Weight Tear Test indicates that steel specimens with lower and medium reductions exhibit superior low-temperature impact toughness compared to steel with higher reductions. The electrochemical hydrogen charging experiments confirm the presence of internal hydrogen cracks only in steel with lower and medium reductions.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Effect of Cr content in temperature-dependent mechanical properties and strain hardening of a twinning-induced plasticity steel

Flavio De Barbieri, Denis Jorge-Badiola, Rodrigo Allende, Karem Tello, Alfredo Artigas, Franco Perazzo, Henry Jami, Juan Perez Ipina

Summary: This study examines the effect of Cr additions on the mechanical behavior of TWIP steel at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 350°C. The results indicate that different temperature-dependent strengthening mechanisms, including mechanical twinning, Dynamic Strain Aging, and slip bands, are at play. The stacking fault energy (SFE) influences the percentage of mechanical twinning, which in turn affects the strain hardening rate.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Electron beam welding of L12-nanoparticle-strengthened strong and ductile medium-entropy alloys for cryogenic applications

Hanlin Peng, Siming Huang, Ling Hu, Bingbing Luo, Liejun Li, Ian Baker

Summary: This study explores the weldability, microstructures, and mechanical properties of two L1(2)-nanoparticle-strengthened medium-entropy alloys after electron beam welding (EBW). The results show that strong yet ductile defect-free joints were produced, with larger grain sizes in the fusion zones compared to the heat-affected zones and base materials. Both EBWed MEAs exhibited high yield strengths, high ultimate tensile strengths, and good fracture strains at 77 K. The V-doping improved the cryogenic mechanical properties of the TMT MEA.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Strain rate-dependent tensile deformation behavior and fracture mechanism of Mn-N bearing lean duplex stainless steel

Yongxin Wang, Lei Chen, Lizi Shao, Shuo Hao, Motomichi Koyama, Xingzhou Cai, Xiaocong Ma, Miao Jin

Summary: This study investigated the tensile deformation behavior of an Mn-N bearing lean duplex stainless steel with metastable austenite. The results showed that the strain rate had significant influence on the work hardening, strain-induced martensitic transformation, and fracture mechanism.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Recovery of sheet formability of cold-rolled pure titanium by cryogenic-deformation treatment

Jong Woo Won, Seulbi Lee, Hye-Jeong Choe, Yong-Taek Hyun, Dong Won Lee, Jeong Hun Lee

Summary: Cold-rolled pure titanium showed improved sheet formability after undergoing cryogenic-deformation treatment. This treatment increased the thinning capability of the titanium and suppressed cracking during sheet forming. The formation of twins during deformation contributed to high thinning capability and increased strength through grain refinement and dislocation accumulation.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Rapidly induced homogenization and microstructure control of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy by electropulsing treatment

Handong Li, Lin Su, Lijuan Wang, Yanbin Jiang, Jiahui Long, Gaoyong Lin, Zhu Xiao, Yanlin Jia, Zhou Li

Summary: Homogenization heat treatment is a key procedure in controlling the second phase, enhancing composition uniformity, and workability of as-cast Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy. This study found that electropulsing treatment (EPT) can significantly reduce treatment temperature and time, improve elongation and overall mechanical properties of the alloy.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Study on the regulation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-15Sn-0.3Ti alloy by a novel mechanical-heat-electricity synergistic method

Yuxuan Wang, Juntao Zou, Lixing Sun, Yunfei Bai, Zhe Zhang, Junsheng Cheng, Lin Shi, Dazhuo Song, Yihui Jiang, Zhiwei Zhang

Summary: A novel mechanical-heat-electricity synergistic method was proposed to enhance the mechanical properties of Cu-15Sn-0.3Ti alloy by forming annealing twins (ATs). The combination method of Rotary swaging (RS) and Electric pulse treatment (EPT) successfully induced recrystallization and refinement of the microstructure, leading to a significant increase in the strength of the alloy within a short time.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Ta-induced strengthening of CoCrNi-AlTi medium-entropy alloys via nanoscale heterogeneous coherent precipitate

Zhiyi Ding, Jiangtao Xie, Tong Wang, Aiying Chen, Bin Gan, Jinchao Song

Summary: This study demonstrated the Ta-induced strengthening of CoCrNi-AlTi MEAs using nanoscale heterogeneous coherent precipitates. The addition of Ta and aging treatments significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the alloy, including yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Microstructural evolution and deformation behavior of an interstitial TRIP high-entropy alloy under dynamic loading

Z. Y. You, Z. Y. Tang, B. Wang, H. W. Zhang, P. Li, L. Zhao, F. B. Chu, H. Ding

Summary: The mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of C-doped TRIP-assisted HEA under dynamic loading conditions were systematically investigated in this study. The results showed that dynamic tensile deformation led to an increase in yield strength and a decrease in ultimate tensile strength, with a trend towards increased total elongation. The primary deformation mechanisms shifted from TRIP and TWIP effects to deformation twinning and dislocations. The presence of carbides formed through C-doping hindered dislocation slip and promoted the activation of multiple twinning systems.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Strong resistance to shear instability in multilayered metallic composites by nanoscale amorphous-BCC crystalline interfaces

Feng Qin, Feihu Chen, Junhua Hou, Wenjun Lu, Shaohua Chen, Jianjun Li

Summary: Plastic instability in strong multilayered composites is completely suppressed by architecting nanoscale BCC Nb crystalline-amorphous CuNb interfaces.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING (2024)