Linking environmental flows with the distribution of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri eggs, larvae and prey in a drought affected estuary

Estuaries are under threat from changes in freshwater flows resulting from anthropogenic impacts and climate change, with unknown consequences for estuarine biota. In the past decade, significant rain deficits in south-eastern Australia have coincided with a decrease in commercial catches of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri, an important commercial and re creational fish species that spawn in estuaries. We investigated the temporal and spatial distribution of black bream eggs and larvae, and copepods - preferred larval prey - in relation to the hydrology of the Mitchell River, a drought-stricken tributary of Australia's largest estuarine lagoon system. We collected eggs, larvae, zooplankton and water quality data at multiple depths from 8 sampling sites over 7 fieldtrips from August to December 2008. The hydrology of the Mitchell River during this study was highly complex and influenced by freshwater flow. Spatial coupling between black bream larvae, copepods and the halocline was observed in the upper estuary. Nauplii of the copepod Gladioferens pectinatus, an important prey species for larval fish, dominated the zooplankton assemblage (>80%) and larval gut contents. This study demonstrates that freshwater flows and the generation of salinity stratification have a large influence on the size of suitable habitat for larval bream. Drought, water abstraction and climate change could potentially reduce flows to the point where salinity stratification in the estuary is diminished, resulting in declines in replenishment to populations of black bream and possibly other estuarine-dependent fish.