Effects of seasonal dynamics in a Zostera noltii meadow on phosphorus and iron cycles in a tidal mudflat (Arcachon Bay, France)

A study was conducted in Arcachon Bay, France, to determine the effect of seasonal dynamics in a Zostera noltii meadow on P and Fe cycles in the superficial sediments of a tidal mudflat. The redox-sensitive Fe particulate pool and associated P in the root zone showed a seasonal variation following the growth and decay of Z. noltii biomass, with a maximum content during the growth period. In comparison, the bare sediments did not show significant seasonal changes. A dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) uptake was measured from the water column to the sediment in vegetated sediments, whereas a net DIP efflux was observed in the unvegetated sediments. During the growth period, the formation of an iron oxihydroxide-rich zone occurred and acted as a trap for dissolved phosphorus, constituting a reserve of available P for eelgrass growth. At the periphery of the rhizosphere, a strong reduction of the sediment occurred during the growth phase, probably due to increasing organic matter inputs via the roots. The iron oxihydroxide dissolution releases Fe(II) and the recently bound phosphorus to the pore water, making it available for assimilation by the eelgrass roots for growth metabolism. Fe(II) is re-oxidized to solid Fe(III) forms depleted in P into the root zone, or re-precipitated below as sulphur forms. The highest P uptake occurs by this process, and the seasonal variations in redox-sensitive P stock are sufficient to support the annual Z. noltii P requirement. During the decline period, as the P plant demand and the oxic layer thickness drop, the unused released DIP pool supplies large amounts of DIP to the pore water and water column.