Phytate-degrading enzymes in pig nutrition

Phytate, the mixed salt of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphate), derived from plant-sourced feed ingredients is invariably present in practical diets for pigs. Typically, swine diets contain in the order of 3.0 g kg(-1) phytate-bound phosphorus (phytate-P) but phytate concentrations are subject to variation. Importantly, phytate-P is only partially utilised by pigs because they do not generate sufficient endogenous phytase activity. Phytate-degrading enzymes, via step-wise dephosphorylation of phytate, have the capacity to liberate phytate-P, thus enhancing P absorption and reducing P excretion, which are both nutritionally and ecologically beneficial consequences. The commercial introduction of microbial phytases in 1991 has greatly magnified the interest in the roles of phytate and phytase in pig nutrition. The capacity of microbial phytases to enhance growth performance of pigs offered diets with inadequate P levels is well documented. However, in some instances, phytase has been shown to improve performance of pigs offered P adequate diets thus phytase-induced improvements in growth performance should not be attributed entirely to increased P availability. This raises the possibility that phytase is increasing the utilisation of nutrients other than P. These so-called 'extra-phosphoric' effects of phytase remain controversial, particularly in relation to protein and amino acid availability. There are conflicting opinions that are reflected in the inconsistent outcomes of studies to determine the effect of phytase on ileal digestibility of amino acids and protein utilisation in pigs. In phytase amino acid digestibility assays, it seems likely the choice of chromic oxide as the dietary marker has contributed to these ambiguous results, which may be further complicated when ileal digesta samples are taken from cannulated pigs fed on a restricted, twice-daily basis. In order to resolve this critical issue, there is an urgent need to assess the impacts of selection of dietary markers, methods of ileal digesta collection and feeding regimen relative on the outcomes of phytase amino acid digestibility assays in pigs. However, inconsistent results from phytase studies in pigs are not confined to amino acid digestibility assays. Arguably, insufficient attention has been paid to dietary substrate levels in relation to phytase inclusion from both scientific and practical standpoints. Phytate analyses are not straightforward and there is a real need to develop more accurate and rapid methods to facilitate phytate determinations. The properties of phytate vary between (and within) feed ingredients where solubility of phytate may be critical; which, in turn, is a function of gut pH in pigs. Contemporary phytases have the capacity to degrade approximately 50% of dietary phytate at the level of the ileum, which may mean higher inclusion rates are warranted. Consequently, there is scope for the development of more effective 'second-generation' phytate-degrading feed enzymes and their possible introduction, coupled with a better scientific understanding of relevant fundamental issues, will ensure that phytate-degrading enzymes will contribute to viable and sustainable pig production to an even greater extent in the future. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.